Developmental analysis Essay

Abstract This project involves the developmental milestones that one takes throughout life. The overall goal of this paper is to give the reader the understanding that the writer has knowledge about the theories and concept of Human Growth and Development. It will incorporate more about the development and growth of the writer. Information from the writer’s mother about her journey of her pregnancy and if she had any problems with her pregnancy. There will be an explanation from the mother about developmental milestones reached. There are a few early events that took place during the writer’s development it will be showcased in the paper. Finally the conclusion of the paper will focus on the lifestyle behaviors that might influence the writer’s current aging process and if there are any issues exactly how she would address it. Keywords: development, lifestyle, journey, young adulthood, human growth, milestones Developmental Milestones Developmental milestones are important journeys that everyone takes throughout out life. Once a mother first finds out that she is pregnant the child in which she is carrying begins to embark on their journey of life. Everyone does not reach their milestones on target or even at all. Each person is at a different stage in their life, therefore their milestones and journey will vary, from one to the other. My particular journey and development has followed the path of Psychologist Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of human development. I am currently between stages five and six. Stage five is identity vs. identity confusion and stage six is intimacy vs. isolation. Although I am a young adult I am still developing and hitting milestones on my journey of life. Mother’s Journey While being pregnant with me my mother speaks that she had no problem during her entire nine months of pregnancy. She did not have any problems until delivery. She was in labor for two days. Her water was broken and at that time I stopped moving down. She did not dilate anymore. Once dilation stopped it was found that the umbilical was wrapped around my neck. Although the cord caused stress and my heart rate to drop while in labor, it did not cause any other known complications once I was born. She was in labor for two days. Milestones Developmental milestones are important in a child’s life. Developmental milestones have a wide range of different functional skills that a child is able to do as they hit certain ages. â€Å"Infancy and childhood are dynamic periods of growth and change† (Gerber, Wilks, & Erdie-Larena, 2010). At each age a child is supposed to reach milestones in their life that would consider them as developing normal. If the child does not reach that particular milestone for their age then they are considered to have a developmental delay. Developmental milestones are associated with a child’s gross motor, cognitive, social, language, and fine motor skills. When a child develops their gross motor skills they are able to walk, stand, and sit. They learn how to use their major muscle groups. When the child reaches the cognitive milestone he or she shows that they are able to solve problems, show an understanding, and reasoning skills. Developing milestones also include language. When a child embarks on certain milestones they will develop abilities such as communication skills, speaking, and body language. Learning how to interact with others, for example peers and family is a social developmental milestone. Milestones are important for children to reach. It is crucial to monitor and watch a child as he or she develops. â€Å"Surveillance involves analyzing the milestones in the context of a child’s history, growth, and physical examination findings to recognize those who may be at risk for developmental delay. A thorough understanding of the normal or typical sequence of development in all domains (gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, receptive language, expressive language, and social-emotional) allows the clinician to formulate a correct overall impression of a child’s true developmental status† (Gerber, Wilks, & Erdie-Larena, 2010).When a child is delayed in reaching their age milestone  parents and doctors will start to show concerns. Although it can be tough for parents worrying about if their child will meet the milestone, it is a developmental journey that is wonderful and joyous to watch. My Development Erik Erikson was a psychologist who developed the psychosocial developmental stages. â€Å"Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan† (Cherry, 2014). Although there were other psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget who had their own developmental theory, the one who I identify best with is Erik Erikson. After speaking with my parents from what they both remember I seem to hit all my developmental milestones without problems or issues. Trust vs Mistrust â€Å"The first stage of psychosocial development of basic trust vs. basic mistrust, he introduces the word hope which was to become the first human strength or virtue. According to Capps (2012) trust is a sense of dependence and confidence where on the other hand mistrust is caution and uncertainty. From birth to eighteen months Erikson called this stage the trust vs. mistrust. During this time the child develops a trust for people, like their parents or caregiver. When I inquired about what signs or anything significant where I showed trust or mistrust my mother said she had the perfect story. She told me that around six months due to the military my dad had to leave for about five months. Before he left I was very attached to him and cried when he left my eyes. Once he left I became attached to my brothers. When he returned I no longer wanted to go to him. The best way to describe it is that I lost trust in him and he became a stranger to me. It did take a while but eventually I was able to trust him and no longer feared him or had a mistrust for my dad. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Erikson’s early childhood stage is known as the stages of the two and three year olds. â€Å"Erikson’s second stage, autonomy versus shame and self-doubt, involves the struggle for personal control and separation from others†Ã‚  (Vogel-Scibilia, et al., 2009). In this developmental stage the child has a control over their physical skills. Best example given by my mother for this one was my potty training. Potty training was a smooth training for me. But when I made a mistake and went to the bathroom on myself I was ashamed and I was no longer proud of my accomplishments. It was just the opposite though if I did not use the bathroom on myself. I was excited and even happier when I received praise. I guess I had a sense of happiness and endeavors. Initiative vs Guilt Erikson’s locomotor stage happens during the ages of three through six. In this stage Erikson called it initiative vs guilt. â€Å"During this period the primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school. Central to this stage is play, as it provides children with the opportunity to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities† (McLeod, 2008).The outcome of the locomotor stage is for the child to gain independence. â€Å"The child takes initiatives which the parents will often try to stop in order to protect the child. The child will often overstep the mark in his forcefulness and the danger is that the parents will tend to punish the child and restrict his initiatives too much† (McLeod, 2008). I can remember this time of my life, like it was yesterday. Around the age of five I felt that I would take the initiative and start pick out my own clothes and also dress myself. The night before my first day of kin dergarten I picked out my clothes and could not wait to dress myself. I prepared everything I needed to be ready for the next morning. The first day I woke up eager and excited to get dress. I did everything right according to my mother, except for putting my shoes on the right foot. But the only problem with that was nobody could tell me I was wrong. I was adamant about putting these shoes on the way I wanted too. My brothers tried to help me but I refused their help. My mother gave up trying and let me walk to the car with my shoes on the wrong foot. When I did make it to the car my feet were hurting and I felt ashamed and guilt. I was ashamed and embarrassed because I was wrong. I felt guilty because I would not let anyone help me and I was acting like it would kill me to let my family help me. The locomotor stage showed me and helped me develop a sense of knowing that it is okay to ask for help. I never need or have to be too proud to get  help with I do not understand. Industry vs Inferiority â€Å"The fourth stage is industry versus inferiority and children try to hone and master culturally important skills. The achievement of these skills results in a sense of industry and the psychosocial strength of competence† (Dunkel & Sefek, 2009). It focused on age six to twelve. The outcome in the latency stage is the industry vs inferiority. Erikson set this stage for the school age children. He believed that during this time school age children learn new skills. They are going to learn how to deal with success or suffer with the possibility of failure. If a child is not able to learn their new task or study, they have to understand that there is a chance that failure will occur. I really cannot remember an example that occurred in this stage for me. However I do know what it is like to learn or know about failure. At this age I was learning new things and understanding many different life lessons. I recall in the 7th grade I had to write an essay about black history mont h. Although I thought I knew a lot I quickly found out that I did not. In the third grade I won an award for writing a black history essay. Well in the sixth grade I just knew that I would succeed and win again, I was sadly mistaken. I learned and improved my writing skills but I had to experience failing. I felt a sense of incompetence when I did not win. During this developmental milestone it took me awhile to learn and understand that I was not perfect and I would not succeed in everything I did and would do. But overall the journey that I took was great and I would later find out that anything I wanted to do was possible. This stage helped shape me and get me thus far. Identity vs Role Confusion â€Å"According to Erikson, adolescence was the time when young people were given opportunities to reflect on what career they would choose, what kind of social and romantic relationships they would enter into, and what values and beliefs they would hold† (Schwartz, Zamboanga, Meca, & Ritchie, 2012). The way Erikson explained the adolescence and young adult stages fits me to a tee. Even though the adolescence and young adult stage are spoken about separately they both describe me as I am right now. Erikson described the adolescence stage as the identity verses role confusion. It usually occurs during ages twelve to eighteen. At the stage the developmental goal is for  the adolescent to learn how to obtain and maintain relationships. The relationship that is developed is between the adolescent and their peers. In most cases the adolescent learns how to identify their role and identity. Intimacy vs Isolation Currently the young adult stage that Erikson described is where I am supposed to be in life. It is the developing milestone where the young adult ultimate goal is to have a love relationship. It deals with ages nineteen to forty. â€Å"Erik Erikson spoke of intimacy as a stage of young adulthood that everyone must negotiate, via faithfulness to commitments and readiness for sacrifice† (Torrens, 2009). As a young adult you are trying to develop your relationships with your love ones. Such as your significant other. This is the time that the young adult must understand how to love or they will feel left out as if they are isolated. According to McLeod (2012) when this stage is completed successfully it will lead to a calm and relaxed relationship, a sense of commitment, and a care within the relationship. If one avoids the intimacy and isolates themselves it can and will lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. My Current Development I find myself in between the adolescence and young adult stages. Although I feel successful at developing relationships with my peers, which is the ultimate goal of adolescence, I still feel as if I have not identified exactly where I want and need to be, career wise. I am still learning myself and finding out who I am. Ever since I was in the adolescence stage I seem to have been trying to figure out my life and what it is I want to do with myself, career wise. In some moments and instances I felt as if I did not have the friends and relationships I deserve or should have. When I finished college I knew I wanted to work with the County Bureau of Investigations. When I applied and was turned down I figured that something was wrong. I was not mastering this milestone as I should have. I then started working with clients who suffer from mental disabilities. It was a just a stepping stone job that was supposed to get me through until I was able to become an investigator. Four years later I was still working with clients and not my dream job. Still loss and confused I started working at child support. I am still there to this day and feel like I am still confused and not sure  exactly what I need to be doing, as far as occupation. According to the theory of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages I am in the young adult stage. I feel that I am not quite there with developing the intimate relationship. Although I have been in a relationship for a while I still feel like I am isolated. I have not completed this stage and still have a few years to go before I am there. Both the adolescence and young adult stages I did not succeed with ease. It is taking me longer to get through these developmental stages. The two stages are helping me to become the young woman and adult I am supposed to. It is just taking me much more time. Currently in my life I am stuck between the two. I have had several disappointments and mistakes in both stages. I have associated myself with the wrong crowd to now working with individuals who want something in life and I feel can help me succeed. I am still a work in process. Spiritual Development â€Å"The inattentiveness to spiritual development in the mainstream social sciences can be graphically illustrated in the study of development psychology† (Roehlkepartain, Benson, King, & Wagener, 2005). Spiritual development takes time to understand. Therefore when it comes to the younger adults it is important for them to understand and form their own spiritual opinions. I have never been a big person on spirituality or religion. Overtime I have started to understand, believe, and accept my spiritual development. Spiritual development is a physiological and psychological movement in one’s life. For me I am growing stronger mentally. Being spiritually developed relieves a person of harmful toxins. A person is able to become healthier and stronger. Although I have begun the process of developing spiritually, I am far from there. I have a lot of hurdles to climb before I am able to say that I have developed spiritually. â€Å"But grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. To Him be glory both and forever† 2 Peter 3:18 Conclusion In conclusion, developmental milestones are important for everyone. Everyone is not going to make it through all the milestones with ease. There will be bumps and bruises along the way. Even though Erik Erikson psychosocial best describes me there are other psychologist that one may feel more connected  too. Erikson’s stages explain my journey and I am able to see my way through. References Capps, D. (2012). Erikson’s schedule of human strengths and the childhood origins of the resourceful self. Pastoral Psychology, 61(3), 269-283. Cherry, Kendra. (2014). Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development. Psychology. Dunkel , C. S. Sefcek , J. A. (2009). Eriksonian lifespan theory and life history theory: an integration using the example of identity formation. Rev Gen Psychol 2009; 13:13-23. Gerber, J., Wilks, T., & Erdie-Larena, C. (2010). Developmental Milestones: Motor Development. Pediatrics in Review, 267-277. McLeod, S. (2008). Erik Erikson. Review of Psychology. Roehlkepartan, E. C., Benson, P., King, P., & Wagener, L. (2005). Spiritual Development in Spiritual Development in Moving to the Scientific Mainstream. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Meca, A., & Ritchie, R. A. (2012). Identity around the world: An overview. New Directions For Child & Adolescent Development, 2012(138), 1-18. Torrens, J. (2009). Soul-Sharing. Human Development, 30(4), 22-24. Vogel-Scibilia, S., McNulty, K., Baxter, B., Miller, S., Dine, M., & Frese, F. (2009). The Recovery Process Utilizing Erikson’s Stages of Human Development. Community Mental Health Journal, 405-414.

Family and Partnership Model

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African Americana Subject To Oppression And Discrimination History Essay

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Literary Response 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The Ethical Implications from Marketing Cigarettes to Young People in Essay

The Ethical Implications from Marketing Cigarettes to Young People in African Countries - Essay Example The paper tells that marketers have often been critiqued for using selective marketing strategies aimed at targeting a vulnerable group. The criticism is even worse when the product being sold is harmful to the society. Other than the inordinate criticism, little has been done to deter such practices. Cigarette related harms have raised global concerns over the recent past. Although cigarette smoking and addiction have reduced in some parts of the word, the problem remains rampant in developing world such as in Africa. Majority of people in developed countries are informed on the negative health effects of addictive smoking cigarettes. Additionally, governments in most developed countries have enacted laws to prohibit marketing strategies that may result in sale of cigarettes to young people particularly children. However, most third world countries such as in Africa have no laws to prevent sale of cigarettes to young people. Cigarettes products generate a lot of revenue and third wo rld countries often allow reckless importation and marketing of cigarettes. In most third world countries, the importation as well as market of cigarettes is legal and there are no laws prohibiting sale of cigarettes to young people. This raises the ethical question regarding sale of products such as cigarettes, which cause health problems, addiction, and death. In recent years there have been considerable concerns concerning marketing of products considered harmful to humans. Following reduction of consumption of tobacco products such as cigarettes in developed world, tobacco firms are now targeting the young people in Africa. In the attempt to attract these young people, the companies have been adjusting their marketing strategies to ensure that they entice young people to use tobacco products. One strategy that the companies use includes selling of cigarettes as single stakes. This is attractive to the young people from the poor African countries who cannot afford to buy the prod uct in packets. It is appropriate to use attractive strategies in marketing to attract customers. However, this should not be the case if the marketer is aware of negative implications associated with use of a product. Moreover, targeting a vulnerable group is even more unethical. In case of British American Tobacco, there has been cases where children as young as 11 years have been involved in both smoking and selling of cigarettes, Free Markets and Marketing Marketing is an essential component for the success of any business. Companies have marketing strategies that go beyond advertisements. The marketing policies entail identifying the target market for a given product and applying market strategies likely to entice the particular market. Therefore, marketing strategies are designed to ensure that the advertisement is received and understood by the target market. However, companies are required to be responsible in the way they convey their message. This should be through use of marketing policies that are truthful and reflect ethical standards. Although the main aim of most companies is to maximize on profits, the public is increasingly demanding that companies act responsibly and ethically in their activities. In marketing, ethical issues take different forms. They include the advertisement or promotion methods used in marketing a product.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 24

Report - Essay Example He provides examples of early studies such as the Technology Acceptance Model developed by Davis in 1989 meant to provide explanations of the behavioral intention of a potential user in technological innovation (He and Lee, 2012). They continue to provide the example of the 1991 study by Compeau and Higgins who based their investigation of people’s perspectives on technology adoption on diffusion of innovations (He and Lee, 2012). Despite previous studies, the authors indicate that a solid conclusion concerning the different attitudes between the male and female use of information technology systems remains elusive. Most studies only offer significant and insignificant conclusions about the matter. The article insists that gender is a significant demographic factor that influences an individual’s reaction to technology. The study in the article utilizes self-efficacy as the main dependent variable for two reasons. Self-efficacy is a core element of social cognitive theory and is recognized as a major factor that regulates an individual’s computer habits. Secondly, fundamental state of psychology directs the attitude and decisions made in IT adoption by influencing factors like the perception of ease of use. The study then uses the variable to test the impact of the learning process on gender and the formation of attitudes that affects an individual’s confidence in the use of computers. Self-efficacy defines the personal belief of an individual in his ability to complete a task. The findings indicate that women’s self-efficacy in the use of computers in less than that of men. The female students in the study had limited computer knowledge and fewer computing interactions. Additionally, they were more likely to have high anxiety levels about computer usage compared to the male st udents. Finally, compared to male students,

What Are the Ways of Controlling and Treating International Employees Essay

What Are the Ways of Controlling and Treating International Employees - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that in the 21st century, many business organizations have laid down strategies to the international market in an effort to increase their business profitability. As domestic markets become saturated, most business firms create an international strategy to invest in growing markets for their products. While new market segments provide organizations with opportunities to grow, they pose a great challenge to the management and these challenges may lead to the failure of these organizations. International market segments have unique business characteristics, customer demands, regulations, and cultural differences. In principle, international markets require unique approaches due to the variation in market characteristics. The concept of international employees has gained more attention as companies anticipate meeting workers from different countries and who differ in terms of work attitude, culture, religion, color, and race. All these factors b ecome increasingly important as companies venture in international markets where the employee mix becomes increasingly complex. The managers are faced with the challenge of accommodating the differences of international employees and adopting tactics to ensure that they work harmoniously within the same organization. Effective leadership strategies are essential for managers to control and treat international employees and to ensure that they are aligned with the organizational goals. The role that employees play within an organization is crucial and this explains why international companies must pay keen attention to employee coordination within the workplace. Employees are major stakeholders within an organization and the role they play has a direct impact on the organization output.

Choose a AHp Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose a AHp - Research Paper Example 1). The professionals’ roles also include evaluating the nature of patients’ needs at an accident scene or emergency room and making decisions on the appropriate action for saving the patients’ lives. Such decisions may be treating the patients and connecting life support machines to sustain the patients’ lives before access special treatments. Further to their independent care services, paramedics work closely with other health care professionals such as nurses, patients’ relatives, and safety offices such as the police and fire service officers (NHS Careers, n.d.). One of the identifiable characteristics of paramedics is their consistency as the first care personnel to arrive at an accident site. They are also conspicuous in emergency care rooms. In accident scenes, paramedics work in pairs and with an ambulance but are sometimes assisted by a care assistant or technician. There are however cases where paramedics work alone and may use a â€Å"mo torbike, emergency response car or even a bicycle† (NHS Careers, n.d., p. 1). A paramedic can also serve as an air ambulance crew but this requires more training (NHS Careers, n.d.). ... Lack of their skills would worsen the already realized conditions among patients. The accident involved a collapsed building that trapped victims under the ramble. While people were still stranded on how to overcome the resultant dust and rescue the victims, a team of paramedics arrived with their protective masks and was able to rescue most of the victims. The team was also able to offer first aid care and put victims who were already unconscious on oxygen support as they were rushed to the nearest hospital. Even though some of the victims succumbed to the accident, it was clear that the number of fatalities would have been more had it not been for the role of the paramedics. I also chose the profession because of its diversified scope that extends to elements of the mainstream healthcare professions. Paramedics can offer primary care and their quick response guarantees emergency care and these makes it fundamental to people’s lives and the society’s quality of life. P aramedics are certified after completing a university course in paramedic science, entry into which is subject to a threshold pass in final secondary education. The minimum qualifications from secondary school further include pass in English and Mathematics but the exact marks for the qualifications may vary from one institution to another. A valid driving license is another entry requirement into the profession and corresponds to the paramedics operations with ambulances. Further professional training is also necessary into the profession’s practice. Paramedic profession, like many others, operates under professional bodies. In the United States, the profession lacks a national professional body but there exist regional

Reflective Journal on Assignment Completed - Next plc Performance and Personal Statement

Reflective Journal on Assignment Completed - Next plc Performance and Business Strategies in the UK and Europe - Personal Statement Example The interpretative approach applied, has enabled me to correlate my knowledge with the information accessed and draw a conclusion based on my interpretation. My research was based on the secondary data collected from the company websites, books and journals. For my future researches, I plan to rely more on primary data and collect them by visiting the company site as it is more reliable and authentic. As it was difficult for me to meet the managers of Next plc for my research, I completely depended on the secondary sources and had to be very cautious with the quality and authenticity of the information collected. My analysis and interpretations of the information collected has helped me to achieve the objectives of the research effectively. Since it was difficult for me to have a direct meeting with the management of the company, Next plc, so I made it a point to collect reliable data of the company like the financial reports and the sales forecast reports from their website. I analysed them and compared it with its competitors to recommend on future profits and benefits for the company. The research enhanced my reasoning ability and interpretation skills. It helped me to objectify a research problem and analysed it to recommend viable solutions to the company. I had aimed to improve my analytical and reasoning skills. By increasing my scope of knowledge on the business strategies planned and performance of the company in the UK and Europe, I have been able to gather enough information on the company and analysed their balance sheet and financial statements which increased my scope and ability of analysis and reasoning. The research has taught me to acquire reliable information and eliminate unimportant source of information. It enhanced my knowledge on the different theories that can be applied in research methodologies and data collection which enabled me to prepare a good business report. The access to scholarly articles and journal as well as through the

Judgement and decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Comparative Analysis of Two Films Essay Example for Free

Comparative Analysis of Two Films Essay Stereotyping can be defined as sweeping generalizations about affiliates of a certain gender, nationality, religion, race, or other group. Social stereotyping has been a worldwide issue for many years. More specifically, stereotypical assertions, based on both gender and race, have been a common theme throughout many 20th and 21st century films. Both Crash, directed by Paul Haggis in 2004, and Girlfight directed by Karyn Kusama in 2000, address the issue of stereotyping in their own unique way. Girlfight does this by placing a female in the spotlight of a sport that is predominantly dominated by males, whereas, Crash confronts our problem with racial stereotypes and racism, and the need to counter them, by focusing on the â€Å"crash† humans experience by encountering people that they actually are already linked to. Throughout the film Girlfight, the crowd may have been against Diana, but her determination allowed her to fight off skeptics outside the ring and her opponents in the ring. Crash is a movie that brings out bigotry and racial stereotypes. While one story revolves around a gender debate, the other approaches the argument from the aspect of race and ultimately both combat the greater social issue of stereotyping. The film Girlfight depicts the struggle of Diana Guzman, a high school girl, and how she overcomes gender barriers to dominate the boxing arena. Her mother passed away when she was young, and she lives with her father and younger brother, Tiny. They reside in the projects of New York City, a tougher area where the ability to defend yourself is basically a prerequisite. Her father forces Tiny to train at the local gym to become better suited to defend himself and that is where Diana is introduced to the sport of boxing. Setting is a key aspect of the film and director Karyn Kusama’s choice of realistic venues for each and every scene help create a documentary-like atmosphere. One scene that illustrates this quality is when Diana and Adrian learn that they will both be fighting each other in the final bout. The scene takes place inside the manager of the ring’s office; a small but well organized office. The camera pans from character to character as they discuss Diana’s next fight and the viewer is placed in the back corner of the office space. A key detail to be noticed is that the door is open and one can see that boxers are still training in the background. This gives the audience the idea that what they are viewing is very real, almost like a documentary, and Kusama’s film work adds to that with a picture that is both grainy and misty. The scene is also full of dialogue, which is a common attribute of any documentary. It seems as if the scene would have occurred even if the camera had not been rolling film. The realistic aspect correlates back to the underlying premise of the movie, gender stereotyping. At the time, female boxers were a rarity and Diana was an exception not only because of her gender but also because of her skill. The boxers at this gym are all male except for Diana who happens to be the main character in the film. This creates an immediate gender barrier the second that Diana steps in the gym merely because she isn’t of the norm. The film Crash attempts to tackle the issue of racial stereotyping though the stories of several characters who all turn out to be connected in some way, shape, or form. Anthony and Peter are partners in crime who hijack cars for a chop shop. Anthony believes that society is unfairly biased against blacks, and at one point in the film he justifies his actions by claiming he would never hurt another black person. Rick Cabot, district attorney of Los Angeles, and his wife Jean are two other main characters throughout the film. One scene that reinforces the use of stereotyping is when Anthony and Peter stroll a Los Angeles shopping strip. As they walk along, Anthony explains to Peter how whites are so quick to judge blacks at night. The dialogue throughout the scene is especially important because Anthony quickly changes from complaining about racial tendencies around him to hiding behind a handgun as both he and his friend hijacks a car. The audience sides with Anthony, as he begins his rant, but out of the blue, the two men pull a gun on an innocent couple and the audience is left in shock. Anthony states, â€Å"You couldn’t find a whiter, safer or better-lit part of this city right now, but yet this white woman sees two black guys who look like UCLA students strolling down the sidewalk, and her reaction is blind fear† (Crash). This statement draws light on the fact that we as humans tend to jump to conclusions often too quickly. Anthony and Peter had done nothing out of the ordinary but the town happened to be predominantly dominated by whites and that set off a red flag in Jean’s mind. Anthony flips the subject based on the fact that they are the only blacks in the area and asks Peter, â€Å"Why aren’t we scared? † Peter responds, â€Å"Cause we got guns? † and both men proceed to pull out their weapons and hijack the Cabot’s vehicle (Crash). This scene is greatly enhanced by the use of sound. As both of the couples stroll down the boulevard, one can hear a peaceful Christmas carol in the background, but as the men approach the Cabots, the music increases in volume and changes to a more upbeat, edgy track. The film does this in order to create tension between both sets of characters; it changes the norm and keeps the audience anxious. To reinforce this, the sound increases once more as Anthony and Peter peel out of the street with the stolen car creating a definitive point in the scene. By transitioning from calm to chaos, Haggis demonstrates how a simple misinterpretation, a stereotype, could pay dividends in the long run. Jean Cabot had suspected something was not right as soon as she locked eyes with Anthony. The fact that Anthony gave a rather thought-provoking talk on racial tendencies shows that stereotyping does not go unnoticed. An act as simple as interlocking arms with your husband as you pass two young, African American teenagers may seem like an act of safety to you but to the teenagers it is offensive. This also proves that this is not a one-sided debate. Both parties are involved and equally held responsible for their criticisms. In â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† Aaron H. Devor discusses the distinction between gender and sexuality. Gender is typically based on anatomical differences between men and women, but does not necessarily match with them. In Diana’s case, she is a female yet she demonstrates masculine tendencies through her animosity and fury in the boxing arena. According to Devor, Diana fails to follow â€Å"the natural role† of her sexuality (Devor 160). Devor states, â€Å"persons who perform the activities considered appropriate for another gender will be expected to perform them poorly† (Devor 159). He point is valid because there are always cases when a male or a female may not fit the norm and fight off a society that is so fixated on masculinity versus femininity. This statement connects with the film Girlfight, in which Diana Guzman distinguishes herself by becoming a boxer, a sport dominated by males. Devor states that even if the athlete does succeed, it is a â€Å"reward with ridicule or scorn for blurring the gender dividing line† (Devor 159). The film Girlfight somewhat argues this statement because Diana was cheered as she finished her final bout against Adrian. Adrian was obviously the favored fighter, mainly due the act that he was a male, yet Diana pulled off the victory. The fact is that gender is socially and culturally determined; it is not biologically determined. At the time, boxing gurus failed to give credit to Diana by being an underdog and decided to instead critique and stereotype her based on her sex. Today more and more women have become boxers but there are still those that frown upon their presence in the ring. Even though people have become more tolerant, there are still some who are not willing to except things out of the norm, which is why society has not gained the balance it needs and social stereotyping exists. Gender stereotyping is a very serious issue in today’s society, but another dilemma just as grim is that of racial stereotyping. Larry Aubry’s Los Angeles Sentinel article titled, â€Å"Undoing Racism in American Cities,† argues how racism is still very much with us and is still a barrier to the realization of the American dream in the nation’s cities and towns. His main point is that in order to â€Å"undo racism† one must â€Å"move from being a part of the problem to becoming a part of the solution† (Aubry, par. 3). Throughout the film Crash, the main characters are given various opportunities to combat racism but instead act on poor judgment by stereotyping. The fact is that stereotyping never leads to a proper outcome. A proper outcome may not be what either party had intended but most of the time an ethical outcome is best. In Anthony’s case, he fumed on how whites were racist yet he became part of the problem by doing exactly what Jean Cabot had foreseen him execute. Anthony stereotyped against himself and further worsened the problem. According to Aubry, â€Å"there is a consensus that everyone is part of the problem in many different ways† (Aubry, par. ). Most people place the blame on others when in fact they escalate the argument. Stereotyping has set societies back time and time again and until society is guided by the fairness of its ideas, its politics, and its culture and not by the fairness of one another’s skin or gender, progress cannot be made. Girlfight attacks the issue from the gender side while Crash from the racial side. Stereotyping is vague in nature but both films key in on these issues through their storyline and cinematic techniques. Girlfight did this through a realistic portrayal of the life of a young female boxer and her struggles. Crash decided to create a segmented story in which characters interact through their abuse of stereotyping. If Anthony and Peter had decided not to go through with the car hijacking, both them and the Cabots would have been closer to the realization that they were in fact, out of line. In Diana’s case, the public is against her, even her father is against her, yet she knows she can fend off the skeptics. Social stereotyping is pervasive and without both parties grasping that fact, both racist and gender stereotyping will continue to exist.

The Black Death and the World it Made Essay Example for Free

The Black Death and the World it Made Essay The Black Death or The Black Plague, as it is known in history, was the worst disaster in medical history to date considering it proportionately (more than 40 percent mortality rate). It was so devastating in its effect that within 3 years time (1347-1350) the whole Europe was made aware of its dark presence in spite of the disadvantages of that period in terms of media coverage. The Plague had proven itself to be no respecter of person when it visited and touched every family from those of the highest in the ladder of society to the lowest – royal families, monasteries, and farms. This medieval history is highly significant especially when looked at through the lenses of high technology twenty first century. The threat of mass killings as posed by Bio-Chemical warfare, Mad-Cow-Disease (MCD), Bird-Flu-Virus (BFV), etc. , is so pertinent that a close look once again at the historic Black Plague merits anybody’s concern especially those bothered by the threat. What everybody knows about this event in man’s history is only mere fraction of what really occurred. Cantor dug deep into what are new scientific discoveries and the aid of historical research to give a wide-angled and more panoramic vista on the experience of the people of their day. Overview Well-known medievalist Norman Cantor relates the story of the renowned Black Death afresh with an eye of a Chronicler. In his book In the Wake of the Plague, Cantor narrates the story of the pandemic and its widespread effects with an intention, not only to retell and revive what happened during the spread of the plague, but to inform and quicken the modern reader of the possibility of it happening again in the same proportion that it transpired in the 14th century, or maybe exceeding the mortality rate it has incurred then, if the world behaves indifferently to the prospect. In the Book, the Black Death was viewed from its wide-ranged effect (in Europe’s population) to its effect to families and individuals. The usual memory etched in the minds of people with regards to this medical disaster is that of gloomy period where the whole population just dropping dead for reasons which no man could ever explain in rational or understandable terms. The issue instilled, because of lack of scholarly approach to this episode in the history of medieval Europe, was the survival aspect. That all the people at that time needed to do was to keep themselves alive. Although this was part of the overall picture, this isn’t complete leaving some important details untouched. Norman Cantor, on the other hand, is so keen, in that, he not only has given the overall scenario of the Plague in his book but also the important and compelling details of it. For example, he narrated the early death of princess Joan of England who died at a very young age. He also tells of the death of the newly consecrated archbishop Thomas Bradwardine of Canterbury. As told in the Book, the archbishop’s rather untimely death had deep ramifications especially to the improvement of religion and science. This is compelling in that it opened the eyes of the then world to all of the possibilities of how the plague was being transmitted, from serpents to cosmic dusts. The many repercussions such as, to the economy, the overall psyche of the people in their respective locale during this period is suggested by Cantor to have their lasting effect that have reached as far as to our generation today. He suggested that it might have made the world what it is in these days of technological advances. True, scholars today have keener minds in their different fields in particular the medical field. In the very first chapter, the conference of medical practitioners and specialists was used by Cantor to jumpstart the flow of his thesis on the wide-ranging effects of the plague. Many incidents come to life. Cantor talked about Abbot Thomas, for instance, who plays a part in the historical accounts. Thomas of Birmingham or Abbot Thomas (1349), who was then at the time of the Plague, the abbot of Halesowen, was a local resident of the town whose family was native and well-known to the place; well-known enough to have named after them the city of Birmingham. The epidemic’s impact on the abbey managed by Thomas can be seen when he referred to the â€Å"harm† on the abbey’s income brought about by the â€Å"recent events† in his petition to the bishop. In spite of all these, Abbot Thomas was fortunate and had some advantages from the other lords because the abbey and the lands in Halesowen that he was managing were mostly of high quality. What is amazing of all is the argument of the author that in spite of the colossal devastation and the terrifying effects of the Plague, it had resulted in some beneficial outcome which created a new world of possibilities bigger than the destruction itself. Cantor asserted that, as often was the case in the past, the termination of the old order meant the beginning of the new generation which is more scientific in its thinking. After the Black Death, there arose an intellectual revolution. There were explosions and breakthroughs in different fields: artists had invented window protection with beautiful art designs which was calculated to block the supposed airborne virus, painters responded and painted their great paintings, and the peasants that survived the Plague flourished where they started all over again; in fact, they were Europe’s first class farmers. By and large, Black Death marked an economic change throughout Europe. It triggered what Cantor referred to as â€Å"turbo-capitalism. † Indeed, from ashes comes beauty. If what most of the advances in the west today were generated and can be traced back to one of the darkest of Europe’s history – the Plague, one may say with all truthfulness that even in natural disasters where no person has the power to control, a change for the better might be brewing. Critique Since In the Wake of the Plague was written by Norman Cantor with the advantages of the 21st century scholarship, it has the understanding and the insights that the medieval years were primarily deprived of. The calculations of Norman Cantor are all possible and can be explained, as he had done in the Book, through scientifically proven facts especially that we have all the benefits of latest discoveries in medicine. To see the Plague through the kind of perspective that the author has narrated in his book is exactly something that one can expect from a 21st century medieval scholar. In spite of some negative feedbacks that some critics have given to the book, I will give generously my two thumbs up. The Book certainly deserves to receive a five star category. It is written in a totally different approach than the former works on the Black Death. Cantor has endeavored to share his knowledge of the period and has given us details which otherwise cannot be known had it not been for the fact that a real historian has divulged them. Cantor turned from one topic to another in this book and thus able to keep those without thorough knowledge of the Plague interested till the end. Though his style of jumping from topic to topic may be viewed by some critics to be disorderly in terms of format or arrangement, they are incidental and may be looked at as his personal style. He began with the disease’s biomedical survey and pointed to the many problems with the prevailing beliefs about the Black Death’s cause, its nature and transmission. He even went to suggest that the likely cause of death was anthrax, as in many cases the same and similar symptoms were present. Indiscriminately, the Plague hit the different classes of people in many regions. In the Book, there were stories of families and individuals, making the overall narrative more personal, intimate and gripping. Looking at it in a nuclear point of view, the Plague is the 14th century counterpart or equivalent of imminent nuclear war. It makes us think seriously of the global threat of nuclear hoarding of some nations. If the calculations of Cantor in the book was accurate, then the threat of some renegade nations hoarding and multiplying anthrax and other biological/chemical materials are imminent and dangerous. In the Wake of the Plague is a book that can free many who until now view the Black Death through the mist of the many superstitions that primitive minds have made out of it. Cantor’s approach in this book is to make the past history relevant. He saw the outbreak of Mad-Cow-Disease, Foot and Mouth Disease, AIDS, and the Bird-Flu Virus happened in the middle of the 14th century when the Plague ravaged Europe. The author even believes that our world today might face a similar catastrophe in the near future. In a prophetic sense, the book has given us information and a warning. The threat of another pandemic is not far since the symptoms of what the medical world has been seeing in the recent outbreaks of diseases were the same signs that 14th century people had seen. Even the manner of transmission is deemed somewhat similar by the author. The author indirectly warned and indicated that if there will ever be another plague as devastating as the Black Death of the Medieval period, it will happen only through one of the possible causes which Cantor identified; it will be whether brought on by natural causes, or by bio-terrorism. Reference: 1. Cantor, Norman F. 2001. In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made. HarperCollins Publishers

Policy for Psychiatric Nursing in Ireland: Analysis

Policy for Psychiatric Nursing in Ireland: Analysis Critically evaluate the relevance of a  current national (Irish) strategic policy  document for your area of practice (Psychiatric nursing) Introduction As one of the most important facets of health care, nursing has been and remains one of the most undervalued and undeveloped professions (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leender (2005) state that countries need a national action plan for nursing as it assists in the development of the profession. They offer the following ten advantages, as evidence for the foregoing that shall aid in serving as a basis for the evaluation of the relevance of the present Irish national strategic policy for Psychiatric Nursing along with other inputs (Salvage and Leenders, 2005): The presence of a national action plan aids in reinforcing nursing goals, results and orientation in health care. Through the existence of a national action plan, nursing contributions can be optimized through the focusing of â€Å"†¦ nursing resources to achieve the best possible results and †¦ value for money† (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). A national action plan helps to â€Å"†¦ build and maintain vision for nursing †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). The preceding is a result of aiding nurses in maintaining their perspectives, which can be lost in the busy and demanding everyday demands of their profession. The existence of a national action plan can result in â€Å"†¦ a clearer sense of direction †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). A ‘plan’ can aid in making â€Å"†¦ nursing achievements more visible †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) point to the fact that the contribution of nurses is acknowledged by clients and patients but not â€Å"†¦ in medical textbooks, conferences and influential discussions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . A ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ can spur nurses and their supporters to be more active †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and through strategic planning, a ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ helps to uncover or inspire unexpected new coalitions †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that can aid in these aspects working â€Å"†¦ together to improve health care †¦ (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). It, a ‘plan’, â€Å"†¦ can coordinate current nursing activities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and aid in nurses identification of projects and innovations that are underway to incorporate these into practice as well as aiding in the development of frameworks for further improvements and implementation. A ‘plan’ can aid in the creation of â€Å",,, closer links between policy and practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). They explain that the policy making process is usually remote from those who are responsible to its implementation, and that through the utilization of a planning process that involves as well as includes the â€Å"†¦ services users, practitioners and †¦ policy makers †¦Ã¢â‚¬  aids in reducing the â€Å"†¦ gaps between thinking and action, data and perceptions, policy and operations, planning and implementation †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Through the existence of a ‘plan’ the profession of â€Å"†¦ nursing is more likely to win support from the people, policy makers and other professionals† if said ‘plan’ states clearly â€Å"†¦ where it is going and what it hopes to achieve (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). And finally, a ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ can help nursing control its own work and future †¦ (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) explain that the existence of a ‘plan’ can aid in nursing controlling â€Å"†¦ its own work and future †¦Ã¢â‚¬  because traditionally they have â€Å"†¦ had little control over their destiny †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as a result of them â€Å"†¦ as the servants of another profession †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) argue that a ‘plan’ represents the â€Å"†¦ starting point for †¦ (nurses) †¦ becoming equal partners in health care work †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as in their relationships with the other professions in the field. In order to better understand the context of this examination, the definition of the profession of nursing is deemed an important underpinning. The ‘Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework’ defines nursing as a profession that â€Å"†¦ helps individuals, families and groups to determine and achieve their physical, mental and social potential †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000a). The definition goes on to add that nurses require â€Å"†¦ competence to develop and perform functions that promote and maintain health †¦ as well as prevent ill health† and that such â€Å"†¦ includes the (assessment) planning and giving of care †¦ (encompassing) †¦ the physical, mental and social aspects †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000). As the context of this examination represents the field of psychiatric nursing, the following definition as supplied by the ‘International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses’ (ISPN) pro vides clarity. They, ISPN, define this area of nursing, psychiatric, as â€Å"†¦ a specialized area of nursing practice committed to promoting mental health through the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of human responses to mental health problems and psychiatric disorders† (ISPN, 2006). The An Bord Altranais â€Å"†¦ was established by the Nurses Act, 1950, (An Bord Altranais, 2007a) â€Å"†¦ is the statutory body †¦(that) †¦ provides for the registration, control and education of nurses †¦ (and other matters) †¦Ã¢â‚¬  related to the practice of nursing in Ireland (An Bord Altranais, 2000). As of 2004, there were 76,045 nurses registered with the An Bord Altranais, as shown by the following (An Bord Altranais, 2007b): Table 1- Total of Nurses and Qualifications Registered (An Bord Altranais, 2007b) Nurses Registered Females Male Active Inactive Total Number of Nurses 60,774 15,271 70,231 5,814 76,045 Table 2 – Total of Nurses and Qualifications Registered Qualifications Registered (An Bord Altranais, 2007b) Females Male Active Inactive Total General 60,986 2,677 50,637 13,026 63,663 Psychiatric 8,301 3,525 9,566 2,260 11,826 Sick Children’s 4,578 51 3,759 870 4,629 Intellectual Disability 3,961 473 3,860 574 4,434 Midwifery 16,857 21 13,179 3,699 16,878 Public Health 2,551 1 2,084 468 2,552 Tutor 537 104 513 126 639 Other 585 26 290 321 611 Total 98,356 6,876 83,888 21,344 105,232 The examination of the Code of Conduct and other legislation shall be reviewed against the ten point standards of the World Health Organization and other documents in order to gauge the relevance of policies in this area. National Strategic Policy for Nurses in Ireland The strategic national policy document for the nursing profession in Ireland is generated by An Bord Altranais that states that the practice of nursing â€Å"†¦ should always be based on the principles of professional conducted †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as contained â€Å"†¦ in the latest version of the Code of Professional Conduct for each Nurse and Midwife †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000b) with practices contained in Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) and the Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001 as prepared by the Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST, 2001). The evaluation of the preceding documents shall be compared against the ten-point plan outline as put forth by Salvage and Leenders (2005) to serve as a guide. Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework The Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework for Ireland states that it utilizes the ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse, Australian Nursing Midwifery Council, (ANMC, 2006) as its basis for the determination of â€Å"†¦ regulations, organizational policies and procedures †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) as support in its practice setting. The Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework (SoP DMF) states that the determinations concerning the â€Å"†¦ scope of practice need to be †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) 1. â€Å"proactive†, 2. â€Å"responsive to internal and external forces†, 3. â€Å"flexible; and†, 4. â€Å"able to provide guidance in decision making by both the individual nurse †¦ and the profession as a whole†. The SoP DMF indicates that the foregoing â€Å"†¦ is applicable to all nurses and midwives across all practice settings †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and tha t such have been put into force to ensure â€Å"†¦ that practice decisions are based on the individual context and patient †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as opposed to the â€Å"†¦ defining nursing †¦ by tasks or procedures† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The latitude offered from the preceding represents room for individual interpretation that can and also cannot be a wise choice in a profession that represents the fragile state of mind of patients under psychiatric care. Evidence of the problem in having such broad latitude is presented in an article by Sean Fleming â€Å"Psychiatric Abuse of Ireland† which details accounts of the use of drugs in treatment that were either later found to be inappropriate, and or had side effects that worsened the patients condition (Fleming, 2005). Such is also the subject of a report issued by ‘Aware’, a voluntary organization devotes to assist those who are afflicted with depression (Aware, 2007a). The report mentions the continuity of care with regard to psychiatric services as an area needing improvement along with eighteen other points and represents an aspect that the broad latitude in interpretation (Aware, 2007b). And while every instance of care treatment cannot be categ orized, and set forth procedurally, guidelines represent an effective means to provide tighter controls as well as instructions and steps that nurses can utilize when appropriate. Salvage and Leenders (2005) under item 4 indicate that a national action plan provides â€Å"†¦ a clearer sense of direction †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and under item 8 states that the existence of a ‘plan’ can aid in the creation of â€Å",,, closer links between policy and practice. The SoP DMF states that through providing transparency in its policy that it â€Å"†¦ greatly benefits all nurses and that it thus â€Å"†¦ provides an effective tool †¦ nurses can maximize their nursing practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the standards of the profession. It states that there are six figures, with â€Å"†¦ each supported by a set of guiding principles† that can assist nurses in the discussion as well as clarification of â€Å"†¦ practice issues with their colleagues and employers† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The preceding are 1. â€Å"Guiding Principles for Map of Role Relationships among Health Personnel†, 2. Guiding Principles for Improving the Health Outcomes of the Patient†, 3. Guiding Principles for Delegation among Nurses and Midwives, 4. Guiding Principles for Delegation to Students of Nursing, 5. Guiding Principles for Delegation to Unlicensed Health Care Workers; and, 6. Guiding Principles for Maximising th e Scope of Practice for Registered Nurses and Midwives (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The Sop DMF states that these â€Å"†¦ six figures highlight the importance of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1. â€Å"clinical assessment by the registered nurse or midwife†, 2. â€Å"lawful authority†, 3. â€Å"preparation and experience†, 4. â€Å"risk management†, 5. â€Å"confidence†, 6. â€Å"competence†, 7. â€Å"delegation by the registered nurse or midwife: and†, 8. â€Å"acceptance of the delegation and the required level of supervision (direct or indirect† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The foregoing harkens back to the room for latitude and actually indicates under item number 1 that nurses are making clinical assessments. This also stated, assessment, under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework April 2000† (Nursing Board, 2006b). The foregoing analysis with regard to the latitude is indicated in the Sop DMF d ocument under Figure 2. ‘General Principles for Improving the Health Outcomes of the Patient’ which states under â€Å"patient †¦ Clinical Assessment †¦ have I considered the consequences of my planned action?† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The following further illustrates this issue (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006): The Figure indicates that if the answers to all questions are ‘yes’ that the nurse should proceed, and that if there is a ‘no’ answer to any question, then the nurse should seek advice on the issue (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The preceding represents a procedural attempt to shore up the wide latitudes present in the guidelines, still leaving room for varied interpretations. Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001 The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ represents a copulation of statutory material that was obtained as a result of the utilization of electronic searching in the sites of Lexis Nexus, Canlii, Austlii and other legal sites. The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ indicates that there were legislation aspects that could not be accessed and other measures utilized, with an instance whereby no data could be obtained (DEST, 2001). The preceding means that the document is not wholly complete. The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ also adds the documents from which it was based, in some instances, referred to other documents and or legislation or regulations and standards that were not included is what was accessed, and were unavailable for use in formulating the document as a whole (DEST, 2001). Interestingly this supports the broad latitude contention as mentioned under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework† in that it states â€Å"Given the complexity and variability of the sources of information about the standards of nursing practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that it is reasonable â€Å"†¦ nurses might experience some difficulty in keeping abreast of these issues† (DEST, 2001). The preceding is explained in the document as representing the difficulties in the interpretation of the ‘†¦ intent of the legislation (DEST, 2001). DEST (2001) indicates that the primary objective of â€Å"†¦ statutory regulation †¦ is the protection of the public. The utilization of the copulation technique to derive the document obviously has flaws that need correcting, however, the fact that the government of Ireland has recognized the need to produce such a document represents a critical step in the right direct, as espoused by Salvage and Leen ders (2005). Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005 The National Health Strategy â€Å"Quality and Fairness – A Health System for You†, as stated in the document â€Å"†¦ was announced by the government †¦ to provide vision and strategic direction for the health and personal social services† and identifies â€Å"†¦ a 121 point Action Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as central to implementation of a nationwide strategy and put varied â€Å"†¦ aspects of the Strategy into †¦ action (Department of Health and Children, 2005). Under National Goal No. 1, item 2, it sets forth the â€Å"Statements of Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  with regard to â€Å"†¦ all relevant Government Departments †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that are to devise guidelines and strategy statements for human resources as well as other areas. Its relevance to this examination lies in the preceding. A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy This document represents â€Å"†¦ a comprehensive model of mental health service provision for Ireland† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). Under item 1.5 ‘Vision’, the document sets forth that its policy represents the creation of â€Å"†¦ a mental health system that addresses the needs of the population †¦ as a result of focusing â€Å"†¦ on the requirements of the individual† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). The ‘Policy Framework’ indicates that its purpose is to create â€Å"†¦. A systematic framework and plan for mental health †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health and Children, 2006). This aspect represents the reference to psychiatric nursing, which is the subject of this examination. The document covers ‘Mental Health in Ireland’ covering the differing disciplines, along with â€Å"Implementation† that defines relationships in the management of mental health and the plan to b ring the diverse aspects into closer proximity from the present system that â€Å"†¦ has encouraged isolation of catchments from each other †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which â€Å"†¦ has hindered the development of specialist services† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). The broad areas covered under â€Å"Manpower, education and training †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ sets forth â€Å" †¦ the education and training required to produce competent professional personnel †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health and Children, 2006). This document does not provide the details of policy and other facets of specificity related to strategic policy for psychiatric nursing, which are contained under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework† and â€Å"Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001† in limited fashion. It, the document – â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy† does recognize that there are â€Å"Shortcomings in Current Education and Training†, but its usefulness as a policy statement for psychiatric nursing is not its intention. Conclusion The present strategic policy for psychiatric nursing in Ireland is an area that is still under development. The varied documents reviewed, â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework†, â€Å"Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001†, â€Å"Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005†, and â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy† as well as other documents referenced herein are in the evolutionary stages. This incompleteness does not actually represent a cause for too much concern and the Government of Ireland, through the issuance of these documents, acknowledges the deficiencies in this area and have set about the process to correct this aspect as stated in â€Å"Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005† under National Goal No. 1, as well as in â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Poli cy†. Salvage and Leenders (2005) indicate the global problem concerning nursing policy and strategy, and the importance of having such plans in place, or under development to enable the profession to achieve higher standards and more connectivity with the field of medicine in general. They, Salvage and Leenders (2005), state that strategic plans are extremely important in providing the foundation for frameworks to develop that will increase the proficiency of the profession through documentation that can be thus shared, compared and utilised for further refinement. Ireland is in the beginning stages of this evolutionary process, as is the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries owing to their lack of attention and importance concerning the contributions of the field of nursing. The criticisms levied at the broad interpretational latitudes that exist in present policy statements in Ireland as found under the document prepared by the Sop DMF concerning the â€Å"Scope of Nurs ing and Midwifery Practice Framework† is an outgrowth of this developmental process. Clearly, a great deal of work still stands before the various governmental agencies and departments in achieving a substantive document that achieves the objective of providing nurses engaged in psychiatric care with the guidelines and procedures to enable them to weave their way through the difficult profession they are engaged in. The present plans, though incomplete, do represent a means whereby psychiatric nursing leaders have a platform to move forward from to collaborate in revising and amending what is established. The preceding is acknowledged by Salvage and Leenders (2005) as a huge as well as important step in the right direction. Bibliography An Bord Altranais (2000) An Board Altranais: The Code of Professional Conduct for each Nurse and Midwife, April 2000. An Bord Altranais An Bord Altranais (2007b) Nurse Registration Statistics – 2004. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/ An Bord Altranais (2007a) Role and Functions of An Bord Altranais. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/ ANMC (2006) National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse. Australian Nursing Midwifery Council Aware (2007) Aware. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.aware.ie/ Aware (2007b) Suicide in Ireland: A Global Perspective and a National Strategy. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.aware.ie/online books/suicide.html Department of Health and Children (2006) A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy. Department of Health and Children Department of Health and Children (2005) Quality and Fairness – A Health System for You: Action Plan Progress Report 2004. Department of Health and Children DEST (2001) Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001. Retrieved on 13 January 2007 from http://www.dest.gov.au/archive/HIGHERED/nursing/pubs/nurse_regulation/3.htm Fleming, S. (2005) Psychiatric Abuse in Ireland. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/PsychiatricAbuseinIreland.htm ISPN (2006) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Scope Standards. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.ispn-psych.org/docs/standards/scope-standards-draft.pdf Nursing Board (2000b) Guidance to Nurses and Midwifes on the Development of Policies, Guidelines and Protocols, December 2000. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/publications/Guidance2000.pdf Nursing Board (2000a) Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework April 2000. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/PolicyGuidelines/SNMidwifePractiFworkApril2000/scope.html Nursing Board of Tasmania (2006) Scope of Nursing Practice Decision Making Framework: February 2006. Nursing Board of Tasmania Salvage, J., Leenders, F. (2005) National Action Plans for nursing and midwifery, In Salvage, J., Heijnen, S. (2005) Nursing in Europe: A resource for better health. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, ISSN 0378-2255

Comparing the Theme of Sacrifice in My Antonia and The Song of the Lark

Theme of Sacrifice in My Antonia and The Song of the Lark      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A common trait for Willa Cather's characters is that they possess a certain talent or skill. This art usually controls the lives of these characters. According to critic Maxell Geismar, Cather's heroines who possess a skill often either do not marry or marry men whom they dominate; if they do marry the marriage is without excitement because their passion is invested in their art. In a sense, Geismar accuses Cather's heroines of sacrificing their marital roles for their art (172). However, marriage is not the only aspect that raises the subject of sacrifice for Cather's protagonists - there is also the issue of family. This is because a woman artist, or any woman, is judged not only on her art but also on her personal life, especially by her submissiveness to man in the role of daughter, wife and mother. If a woman is unable to commit towards one of these roles, she is blamed for renouncing her expectant role for something that is associated with a ma n's world - talent. Many readers judge Thea Kronberg and Lena Lingard according to these female roles, and hence place the accusation of sacrifice upon them. Thea Kronberg and Lena Lingard in Willa Cather's The Song of the Lark and My Antonia, respectively, are accused of sacrificing too much for their art because they apparently choose to overlook their families and love relations in respect to their art. On the surface, it appears as if Thea sacrifices her relationship with her mother and her love with Fred Ottenburg in order to achieve her musical desires. Similarly, Lena is depicted as a female who sacrifices her bond with her mother and her prospects for marriage for the life of an indepe... ...r orator skills (i.e. they usually become Lawyers), and postponing marriage prospects until they are independently and financially settled. However, these men are never accused of sacrificing their relations, or too much for their art. Unfortunately, even in the literary world men and women are depicted differently in terms of their relational expectations. This difference goes as far as accusing the pursuit of art as a sacrifice only when the individual is a woman.    Works Cited    Cather, Willa. My Antonia. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995. Cather, Willa. The Song of the Lark. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1943. Geismar, Maxell. The Last of the Provincials: The American Novel 1915 to 1925. Cambridge: The Riverside Press, 1947. Sabiston, Elizabeth. EN 4210 3.0E Seminar. Toronto: York University, October 15 2002.   

Skyscraper Building Code Revision Essay -- American History, September

Building Code Revision The attacks of September 11 were some of the worst ever experienced in the history of the United States. These attacks generated a widespread feeling of insecurity and uncertainty throughout America, compelling the government to revise safety measures and protocol pertaining to the wellbeing of the United States. However, some aspects of security under modification, such as building codes, are being questioned by many. The collapse of the twin towers, due to the impact from the airplanes, spurred a movement focused on strengthening the integrity of skyscrapers and other high-rise buildings throughout the United States. Though the terrorist attacks proved to be a tremendous tragedy, the application of measures this great is not seen as a proven necessity. The circumstances of the incident proved to be so extraordinary that dramatic modifications to the structure of building should not take place because of such an event. Therefore, the building codes of skyscrapers should not be chan ged due to the terrorist attacks of September 11. The modifications of existing building and the construction of new ones under the most recently proposed building codes would be too costly to implement. The billions of dollars would be required into order to perform the suggested renovations. Marolyn Davenport, a vice president at the Real Estate Board of New York and a member of the task force, states that, â€Å"Burdensome restrictions would make construction too expensive.† He goes on to say, â€Å"While you want to incorporate safety features, at the same time we have to compete with surrounding areas† (Qtd. in Chan 1). Buildings that would fall subject to the new building codes would be given an unfair advantage in the competitiv... ...state and local governments to drastically revise the skyscraper building codes in the United States. It would cost far too much money to implement all of the standards that are being requested by state legislatures. In addition, there are many methods that have proven to be more effective means of reducing the threat of terrorism surrounding this country. Though some of the suggested codes have been passed and are now currently in the code, an instant change to building regulations is unlikely. The need for many of these modifications is still under debate and their fates are yet to be determined. Good has come out of the efforts to modify high-rise construction codes, but the potentially beneficial aspects are far outweighed by the negative. Skyscrapers stand tall despite the terrible events of 9/11 and should not be unnecessarily altered because of them.

Rebutting Arguments to Legalize Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide Essay

Rebutting Arguments to Legalize Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide      Ã‚   This essay focuses on several of the most common arguments in favor of the legalization of euthanasia or assisted suicide - and rebuts them. The language is simple, or, as they say, in layman's terms so as to be easily understandable. The sources are from professional journals, internet websites, and news outlets.    The first common argument favoring euthanasia or assisted suicide is this: "Since euthanasia and assisted suicide take place anyway, isn't it better to legalize them so they'll be practiced under careful guidelines and so that doctors will have to report these activities?" That sounds good but it doesn't work. Physicians who do not follow the "guidelines" will not report and, even when a physician does report information, there is no way to know if it is accurate or complete. For example, the Oregon law requires the Oregon Health Division (OHD) to collect information and publish an annual statistical report about assisted suicide deaths.(Oregon) However, the law contains no penalties for health care providers who fail to report information to the OHD. Moreover, the OHD has no regulatory authority or resources to ensure submission of information to its office.(Prager) Thus, all information contained in the OHD's official reports is that which has been provided by the physicians who pr escribed the lethal drugs and only that which the physicians choose to provide.    The OHD even admitted that reporting physicians may have fabricated their versions of the circumstances surrounding the prescriptions written for patients. "For that matter, the entire account could have been a cock-and-bull story. We assume, however, that physicians wer... ...19, conducted by Hebert Research, October 31, 1991, and within one week following the November 5, 1991 vote. Five days before the vote only 9.7 percent of those opposing the measure cited religious reasons for their opposition. Following the measure's defeat, individuals who had previously indicated support for Initiative 119 were again surveyed. Of these previous supporters, 15 percent subsequently opposed the initiative. Religious reasons accounted for only 6.1 percent of this eventual opposition.    Transcript from audio tape of "On Target," WVON Radio (Chicago). Debate between Rita Marker and T. Patrick Hill, September 26, 1993.    Van der Wal,G. P. J. van der Maas, J. M. Bosma, et al., "Evaluation of the notification procedure for physician-assisted deaths in the Netherlands," 335 New England Journal of Medicine (November 28, 1996), p. 1706.

Life of Cleopatra

One of the well thought-out classic scopes was the life of Cleopatra. She was considered as one of the most famous and influential figures in olden times. Because of the Hollywood film done for her account it was very tough to find which was real and which myth was. Her life was full of scheme and cleverness, and mystery. She was truly a dominant and radiant woman whose places in history, her tools that took her to manage many powerful men in her life and also led her to ultimate demise were her beauty, native allure and appeal.A lover, warrior, mother, enthusiast of all that brought splendor, queen of Nile, and were the account associated to her, but the certain thing was that she was last Pharaoh of Egypt. The life of Cleopatra was influenced the mythological ideas of the most writers as well as Shakespeare. Through her life the substitute ability to Catholic academic doctrine was recognized. As the matter of fact the influence of outside literature and arts were commanding in Rome up to now. And by her impressive history, many writer was trying to dig deeper the reality of her life.And this was the beginning of her epic life. Cleopatra VII Philopator or Cleopatra the destined queen was born in Alexandra the former capital of Egypt 69 years before the birth of Christ. A beautiful baby was the eldest child of Cleopatra VI Tryphaina and Ptolemy XII Auletes Theos Philopator Philadelphos Neo Dionysos also known as Ptolemy XII the reigning pharaoh of that time. At the very young age of nine, Ptolemy her father was allegedly a son of a non-married couple, her father was trying to overcome the trial for his fading supremacy by bribing authoritative Romans.Cleopatra VI was died when they returned to Egypt. Through Roman forces the throne was regained by his father. At 51 BC her 9 years old brother Ptolemy XIII was married to her at the age 18, with the same age together with her brother and husband she became the queen of Egypt by inheriting the ruler ship of her fat her. In the beginning of Cleopatra’s reign all was not so easy due to the fact of her age, many groups were too envious of her cleverness and for ruling the entire Egypt unaided and she had to compete with her enemies, and these were the reasons why she struggled completely.The Romans were conquering city after city, until the ministers pressed Cleopatra out of her command after ruling the Egypt for three years. She moved out of Egypt and lived in Syria and left the throne to her brother alone that she thought agreed with the situation. Because of the circumstances she was too infuriated but didn’t give up. When she learned that Julius Caesar was in Alexandria, Cleopatra planned to go back to her native land in secret to escape from the hand of her brother.To get coalition against her brother Ptolemy XIII and to defend her mother landed from fraud, as what the most accounts told that Cleopatra offered her virgin body and surrendered it in the form of rug, she covered u p herself in an oriental rug and presented it to the general who almost four times of her age . And she got the attention of the Romans general, Julius Caesar fall in love at the first sight to her when the rugs unfold. Her charisma and allure beauty surpassed the influence of Caesar. Ptolemy XIII affirmed warfare against Caesar and his Roman soldiers since he believed that he was deceived.Caesar took controlled of the throne of Alexandria when he defeated Ptolemy XIII in the war. After the battle Caesar due to his loved to Cleopatra he gave back the power to Cleopatra to rule the Egypt alongside with her brother Ptolemy XIV as co-leader. In June 47 BC Cleopatra bore a child and to emphasize that her son was from Caesar she named him Ptolemy XV Caesarion, but Caesar never properly acknowledged fatherhood. In 46 BC General Julius Caesar returned to Rome he brought Cleopatra and his son showing as a prisoner of war because he was already married with Calpurnia.But Cleopatra fought for her privilege; she asserted to be the wife of Caesar that brought him to assassination in 44 BC. After Caesar murdered Cleopatra go back to Egypt, she recognized her son Ptolemy XV Caesarion as her co-monarch regardless of the rumor that she perhaps killed her brother Ptolemy XIV. Rome Empire began to divide upon the death of Julius Caesar, and because of Caesar assassination Cleopatra’s throne was in danger; she collaborated with Marc Antony the subsequently Roman forces governor of the area, an old companion of Caesar.She proved to Marc dramatically and convinced him that she was not guilty about the allegation to her regarding her support to the followers of Julius in Rome, apparently, she got the hold up and captured his interest. Marc left Cleopatra with twin in her womb after he spent the whole winter in Alexandria with her. In the meantime he went to his first wife Fulvia who died in 40 BC. In 37 BC Marc went back to Antioch with Cleopatra and undergone a matrimony of marriage in 36 BC. With the same year a baby boy named Ptolemy Philadelphus was born to them.After they knew that Ptolemy XV was lost controlled his territory including Lebanon which is formerly part of Cyprus, officially Marc renovate to Egypt. After the military victory in 34 BC he tied Cleopatra in Alexandria and recognized Caesarion as the son of Julius Caesar and affirmed the joint rulership of Cleopatra and her son. When the Romans threatened specially Octavian formerly ally of Antony, conceding of country by Marc to Cleopatra was used by Octavian to destroy the trust of the ministers to him.Because of this, the Romans were not happy to their relationship because they considered that the loyalty of Marc was not in the Rome Empire anymore since he gave away the power of ruling Egypt to Cleopatra. In 31 BC Marc Antony lost to Octavian in Battle of Actium because of the misstep pointing to Cleopatra. Cleopatra tried to persuade Octavian to support her offspring to progression of authority but she was unsuccessful to make a deal. Unfortunately, luck was twisted against them. After the defeat of Marc Antony to Octavian and lost all his support he committed suicide and die in the arm of his beautiful wife Cleopatra.Since all of the Roman forces go against Cleopatra she decided to cut off her life by poisoning herself with the use of snake and died in admiration and was the very last Pharaoh of EgyptBIBLIOGRAPHYAnalysis of Four Character of Shakespeare http://www. free-essays. us/dbase/d3/lva130. shtmlAncient Egyptian Pharaohs: http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=23405Biography and history of Cleopatra http://en. oboulo. com/biography-and-history-of-cleopatra-44856. htmlBiography of Cleopatra http://www. chevroncars. com/learn/famous-people/cleopatraChronology of Cleopatra’s Life http://atrium-media. com/bibliotheca/romanhistory/cleopatrahist. htmlCleopatra – Queen Of Egypt: http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=58913Cleopatra, Ruler of E gypt http://www. infoplease. com/biography/var/cleopatra. htmlCleopatra’s Wiles http://www. azete. com/preview/58914Greco-Roman Influence in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra http://www. 123HelpMe. com/view. asp? id=16285Isabelle Vignier. The Tragic in Antony and Cleopatra, June 2004 http://www. literature-study-online. com/essays/antony-cleopatra. htmlShakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra http://www. englishessays.org. uk/english-essays/shakespeare-anthony-cleopatra. phpThe Female Pharaoh Cleopatra – History Essay http://www. freeonlineresearchpapers. com/female-pharaoh-cleopatraThe Love Story of Antony and Cleopatra http://www. azete. com/preview/8726The Masks of Anthony and Cleopatra http://www. thefreelibrary. com/The+Masks+of+Anthony+and+Cleopatra-a0161065564The Story of Cleopatra in Ancient Egypt http://www. echeat. com/essay. php? t=30239What are some conflicts and compromises in Cleopatra's life time? http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20071227 084535AAGJBCP

Inherit the Wind: Henry Drummond Essay

The authors, Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. lee(prenominal)s, principal(prenominal) purpose through Inherit the cast is proving that humans hold the function to hark back. enthalpy Drummond is vital in this discovery because of his plastered belief that one should hold this right. Drummonds hero archetype is the cause for his whole feelings, and he succeeds when convincing the audience of his beliefs by revealing the contradictions underlying his playfulnessnesses inherited ghostlike beliefs. Henry Drummond arrives in Hillsboro as an atheist, and leaves as a hero. The tgets concourses sign reaction to the news that Drummond is defending Cates, alerts the audience. This is almost app arnt when Melinda, a young girl, front inspects him and screams Its the Devil (Lawrence and Lee ). Drummond does non let the citizens miscons admittedlyd interpretation of him discriminate him from his goal, to take a arise. Drummond uses the case as an opportunity to fight for the right to think and develop ones own truths.Slowly the townspeople start to calculate through Brady and start to see the true Drummond. The Drummond who is committed to defending Cates and respectfulnesss Cates for stand up when everybody else is sitting down.(Lawrence and Lee ). Brady and Drummond ar alike in multiple ship canal such as their mutual respect for each other as wholesome as their past together, but there are also very probatory differences between them, such as their character. Drummonds reason to defend Cates is to share a message throughout the world as well as protect an unreserved man. Meanwhile Bradys purpose is to infer popularity throughout the world, and only to help himself. Bradys lack of dedication towards this case results in his downfall. In Act III of the play, the readers see Drummonds quick mind, his ability to put to work under pressure, and his creativity. When the judge refuses all of Drummonds witnesses he switches tactics and decides to call Brad y to the stand as an expert on the bible.Drummonds character serves as a pamper for Bradys character, Drummonds patient sort and open-minded, progressive elan of thinking accentuates Bradys narrow-minded stylus of thinking which causes the audiences deliver in his direction and opens their eyes to truth. The caput where the Drummonds point is finally make is when he stumps Brady. Drummonds cross-examination of Brady causes humiliation and hysteria. Brady self-destructs when his convictions active the literal truth of the Bible are questioned and proved false due to Drummond. Drummonds attack of Brady is non mean-spirited, it isdevastating. At the analogous time, the power of Drummonds attack stems not so much from Drummonds wit as from the weight of Bradys egotism, stubbornness, and arrogance.fundamentally if Brady was not so cocky and despotic he might have been qualified to prevent the case going the way it did. Although the trial in Inherit the crown concerns the batt le between creationism and evolutionism, a deeper impinge exists beneath the surface. Drummond points to this more basic relinquish when he asks his young witness Howard whether he believes in Darwin. When the boy responds that he hasnt made up his mind, Drummond insists that the boys immunity to thinkto make up his own mindis what is actually on trial. This point in the book is where Drummonds point becomes obvious freedom of judgment becomes the freedom to be wrong or to change ones mind. counterbalance though Cates is found guilty, Drummond wins a example victory. He reveals his integrity when he defends freedom of thought, even for those he disagrees with. When Hornbeck criticizes Brady and Bradys fundamentalistic beliefs, Drummond tells Hornbeck that . . . Brady had the same right as Cates the right to be wrong (Lawrence and Lee ) Drummonds hero archetype and his initial synopsis of Brady are the cause of his success with the people of Hillsboro. At the end of the play, Drummond feels the same way and is still fighting for peoples right to be wrong (Lawrence and Lee ).