The Between Cathedrals And Universities - 1096 Words

David Drogos Theology 11- Honors Mr. Sebik 12-1-15 Sacramental History- Confirmation The growth in the number of Cathedrals and Universities were better known in the middle ages. Universities were for higher learning and were spread out in England, France, Italy and especially Spain (predominantly catholic country)(Scannell). Bishops created schools for preaching. The Renaissance was largely known for its contributions to architecture, literature, and painting. Common features that were lacking in gothic Cathedrals during the Renaissance were domes (Scannell). Saint Thomas Aquinas said that Confirmation and baptism are closely related like water is a river. The confirmation candidates should be in a state of grace. Confirmation is received by people who are committing mortal sins. Saint Thomas thought that Confirmation was not created as necessary for salvation, but that by virtue thereof we might be found well prepared when we are called upon to fight for Christ. The institute of Confirmation belongs to Christ alone and we need to r ealize that this is a close and intimate sacrament, Christ did not just show up and give it to us, it is granted. Saint Thomas was also responsible for teaching the Apostles about the sacred Chrism that is used in this sacrament (Scannell). The Protestant reformation was a literal rejection of the structures and beliefs that define the church as who and what it is as a whole. The reformation challenged papal authority andShow MoreRelated Gothic and Romanesque Cathedrals Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesGothic and Romanesque Cathedrals The Romanesque style transformed into the Gothic style during the Middle Ages. This happened for many reasons. The Romanesque period was a time of trial and error while the Gothic period was a time of advancements in inventions. Religion was an important factor in the shift between Romanesque and Gothic. The locations of the two types of cathedrals also contributed toward the change between Romanesque and Gothic, as well as the power of the relics and the communityRead MoreGothic and Romanesque Cathedrals Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesGothic period was a time of advancements in inventions. Religion was an important factor in the shift between Romanesque and Gothic. The locations of the two types of cathedrals also contributed toward the change between Romanesque and Gothic, as well as the power of the relics and the community to raise funds for the Gothic cathedrals. There are several reasons the architecture of the cathedral changed from Romanesque to Gothic in the Middle Ages. 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It is an informative type of writing that is fully based on real people, events, and feelings. The function of the nonfiction genre is to portray the reality of the author’s storytelling technique. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is

Vibration Measurement Instruments Free Essays

VIBRATION MEASUREMENT In some practical situations, it might be difficult to develop a mathematical model of the system and predict its vibration characteristics through an analytical study. In such cases, we can use experimental methods to measure the vibration response of the system to a known input. This helps in identifying the system in terms of its mass, stiffness, and damping. We will write a custom essay sample on Vibration Measurement Instruments or any similar topic only for you Order Now In practice the measurement of vibration becomes necessary for the following reasons: 1. The increasing demands of higher productivity lead to higher operating speeds of machinery and efficient use of materials through lightweight structures. These trends make the occurrence of resonant conditions more frequent during the operation of machinery and reduce the reliability of the system. Hence the periodic measurement of vibration of machinery and structures becomes essential to ensure adequate safety margins. Any observed shift in the natural frequencies or other vibration characteristics will indicate either a failure or a need for maintenance of the machine. 2. The measurement of the natural frequencies of a structure or machine is useful in selecting the operational speeds of nearby machinery to avoid resonant conditions. 3. The theoretically vibration characteristics of a machine or structure may be different from the actual values due to the assumptions made in the analysis. 4. The measurement of frequencies of vibration and the forces developed is necessary in the design and operation of active vibration-isolation systems. 5. In many applications, the survivability of a structure or machine in a specified vibration environment is to be determined. If the structure or machine can perform the expected task even after completion of testing under the specified vibration environment, it is expected to survive the specified conditions. 6. Continuous systems are often approximated as multi-degree-of-freedom systems for simplicity. If the measured natural frequencies and mode shapes of a continuous system are comparable to the computed natural frequencies and mode shapes of the multi-degree of- freedom model, then the approximation will be proved to be a valid one. . The measurement of input and the resulting output vibration of a system help in identifying the system in terms of its mass, stiffness, and damping. 8. The information about ground vibrations due to earthquakes, fluctuating wind velocities on structures, random variation of ocean waves, and road surface roughness are important in the design of structures, machines, oil platforms, and vehicle suspension systems. In general, a transducer is a device that transforms changes in mechanical quantities (such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, or force) into changes in electrical quantities (such as voltage or current). Since the output signal (voltage or current) of a transducer is too small to be recorded directly, a signal conversion instrument is used to amplify the signal to the required value. The output from the signal conversion instrument can be presented on a display unit for visual inspection, or recorded by a recording unit, or stored in a computer for later use. The data can then be analyzed to determine the desired vibration characteristics of the machine or structure. Depending on the quantity measured, a vibration measuring instrument is called a vibrometer, a velocity meter, an accelerometer, a phase meter, or a frequency meter. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help How to cite Vibration Measurement Instruments, Papers

Leadership Styles of Malcolm Turnbull

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Styles of Malcolm Turnbull. Answer: Introduction Styles of leadership refer to the way good leaders give directions, encourage employees or people and implements plans of a particular organization (Touveneau, Clack and Ginet 2013). Difference writers have proposed many leadership styles. Most leaders exercise leadership styles such as democratic, participative, charismatic, situational and transactional leadership. According to this research, Malcolm Turnbull, prime minister of Australia specifically demonstrated leadership styles such as democratic, visionary, affiliative and influential to the people of Australia. The most sought after leadership characters including clear communication of goals and strategies, ensuring that capacity development is adequately done by training people, careering for people, recognizing people for their hard work, initiatives and achievements, establishing customers needs and listening to their opinions for systems continual improvement are some of the leadership skills to learn from Turnbull. In his leadership style, he creates optimism and unity that has earned him a huge number of supports in the community. Evolution of Malcolm Turnbulls leadership was facilitated by politics in the Australian government and current leadership theory, there are transactional and transformational (Dean 2015,p.31). Transformational is concerned with the way leaders inspire people as their followers to achieve a targeted goal (Dean 2015,p.31). Work performance of the team through influencing of ideas, motivation, and stimulation of intellects, as well as consideration of individuals; promote the performance of work at high levels. He demonstrated demomocratic leadership which depends on mutual respect among people of a given nation, which leads to participatory leadership hence collaboration between leaders and people. Democratic leadership involves the provision of opportunity to people to participate in the decision-making process of the organization (Kane, 2010,p.371-380). Malcolm Turbull could allow himself to discuss important matters of the country, which are related to decision making by his ministers. Malcolm Turbull is also a servant leader whereby he emphasizes his people and judges them in accordance with laws of the Law of the country (Kane, 2010,p.371-380). Lastly, Malcolm Turbull is an empowered leader who is loyal to his people and takes part in the planning of strategies to facilitate the achievement of goals of the country. Malcolm Turbull demonstrated Laissez-Faire type of leadership. In this case, the leader allows people to obtain freedom on what and how to perform a given duty. It is a type of leadership style, which is characterized by freedom in decision making for everyone, leaders provide the available resources and employees are capable of solving their own problems (Dean, 2015, p.31). In the case of Malcolm Turbull, Laissez-Faire style has had a positive effect on the country. He allowed ministers to have autonomy and created liberation in the country to enable freedom of his servants. Influential leadership which is the ability of a leader to mobilize people in an organization set up was highly used by Malcolm Turbull. During his tenure could learn from his weakness and turn them into a positive effect on the national development; Turnbull shares his leadership duties and responsibility to his ministers (Crabb, 2016). Another important leadership trait is the ability to enhance communication whereby Turnbull is a perfect communicator in all perspective of life. Well, skilled influential leaders usually appreciate the positioning of the ministry department and Malcolm is an experienced leader in positioning himself at every corner of the nation. On the other hand, transactional leaders seem to be more focused on the supervision and organizing job performance of the employees (Jensen 2015, p.32). Good leadership style adopts multiculturalism and diversity in the organization, which encourage both innovation and creative ideas to be the exercise in the company hence increasing technology and productivity of the organization (Kelly, 2016). In essence, Malcolm Turnbull was both transactional and transformational leader in the government in decision-making process at the national level. Leadership with a high quality of managing people facilitates the accomplishment of the national goals and objectives Turnbulls leadership styles enhances ethical practices and values in the country such as integrity, honest, transparency and accountability. Ethical leader should be able to practice the values of the nation. Multiculturalism in a nation is the act of dealing with people from different background, race, culture, color and gender (Zin, 2016). Work performance of the team through influencing of ideas, motivation, and stimulation of intellects, as well as consideration of individuals; promote the performance of work at high levels. Malcolm Turbull applied different styles to ensure that no discrimination among people. Diversity and multiculturalism in a nation is the act of dealing with people from different background, race, culture, color and gender. Summing up, leadership styles need to be revised in some countries or organizations. Some organization tolerates bad leadership styles such as authoritative and dictatorship styles, which affect national performance. Most leaders exercise leadership styles such as democratic, participative, charismatic, situational and transactional leadership. A good leader is capable of demonstrating his or her ability to listen to the people and allow them to participate in the decision-making process at the national level. Leadership with a high quality of managing people facilitates the accomplishment of the national goals and objectives. Reference Dean, M., 2015. Australia's' Great Transformation'and the Coalition's continued threat to social democracy.Australian Options, (82), p.31. Jensen, P., 2015. The type of leadership Australians want.Eureka Street,25(18), p.32. Kelly, E.J., 2016. Transformation in leadership, part 1: A developmental study of Warren Buffett.Transformation. Kane, J. and Patapan, H., 2010. The artless art: Leadership and the limits of democratic rhetoric.Australian Journal of Political Science,45(3), pp.371-389. Touveneau, S., Clack, L., Ginet, C., Stewardson, A., Schindler, M., Bourrier, M., Pittet, D. and Sax, H., 2013. P168: Leadership styles of ward head nurses and implementation successa qualitative inquiry in the framework of a mixed-method study on hand hygiene promotion through patient involvement.Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control,2(1), p.1. Crabb, A., 2016.Stop at nothing: The life and adventures of Malcolm Turnbull. Black Inc.. Zin, M., 2016. The New Configuration of Power.Journal of Democracy,27(2), pp.116-131.

Life, sadness and happiness Research Paper Example

Life, sadness and happiness Paper Like there are two sides of a coin, there are two sides of life, sadness and happiness. Happiness cherishes your life whilst sadness brings terrible storms without any calamity. Sometimes when our lives are full of joy we forget that grief is also a major share in life. Keeping a balance of happiness and sadness is important to realise what is right and wrong.  A catastrophic storm also took place in my life and covered it completely for a long period of time. On the 24th of August, 2003, death snatched a very important person from me, my beloved grandfather. He was an immense inspiration in my life and watching him die in front of my own eyes was very painful. My grandfather was a great man who had worked really hard all his prestigious life. He had always lived with his head up high and was loved by everyone. My grandfather had cancer, enemy of life, for the past two years but he did not know that death was crawling on him like a sly fox. Three years ago my grandfather came with the hope that life will win over death, from Pakistan, to get treated for his illness. My grandfather, who was unaware of the fact that he had cancer, was living happily until one day he had terrible pain in his bladder. My dad rushed him to hospital and the doctors declared that it was just a minor infection and sent him home with antibiotics. Later on that month his pain increased rather than decreasing. We will write a custom essay sample on Life, sadness and happiness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Life, sadness and happiness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Life, sadness and happiness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Going to the toilet was equivalent to hell. My dad then got him treated in a private hospital. After many blood tests and observations, the doctors came to the conclusion that he had cancer in his bladder. Doctors also explained to dad that grandpa was going to live for only a few days. From that day dad made sure that grandpa did not learn about his vicious illness at such an old age. My dad came home that day with a burden on his heart. The only aim in my dads life was to give his dad as much happiness as possible. When I came to discover this fact, the sky and earth became one and I felt as if I was being crushed in between them. A week later the cancer in his bladder cautiously grew up his windpipe and then into his mouth. He described his pain as, heavy burning. He told us that whenever he sat up, the weight of is illness pressed him down until he got breathless, he gave up and lay back down as a living corpse. I still remember that day when my grandfather became so ill that he was unable to eat anything. He had to drink milk with added vitamins. By this time everyone was aware of the fact that he had cancer and my grandfather also knew that death was knocking at his door. After seeing him unable to move, talk or consume I felt like the most helpless person ever. I locked myself in the room that day and cried my heart out. I was really upset. I felt like waking him up, holding his hand and talking to him but unfortunately my wish stayed unheard forever. My dad called the doctor, when my grandfather was in his last stage. The doctor said that he only has a few moments and advised my dad to invite all his siblings to see their father taking his last breath. Shortly a couple of nurses came and injected morphine into his blood to ease his death. After watching my grandfather in his room with everyone else I came downstairs for a bite to eat. I drank a glass of water but my mouth still felt as dry as the desert. My humble feet made way upstairs. I was half way up when I heard screams of pain. I ran up the steps taking 4 at a time. And there I saw my grandfather taking his last breaths, fighting between life and death. He died; he was no longer alive. At that moment I felt like taking all the life out of myself and giving it to grandpa. I slowly walked over to him with my eyes swollen up from crying. I touched his hand very slowly; I could feel the warm blood still running in his veins. His face looked like an innocent child with a light smile on his dry lips. Next morning, morning which brings light into everybodys lives only brought darkness to my grandfathers life. It was his funeral. All of our relatives headed towards Central Mosque and so did I, where I saw my grandfather for the last time in his coffin which has become his home now. I remember trying to console my parents but it did not work. Watching my dad cry, who was such a strong man, shattered me into a million pieces. Even today when I remember my grandfathers death, my eyes moist and tears dribble down my face. My grandpa was a very important person in my life, even more than my parents and maybe thats why I got a sudden shock from his death. In a way I was relieved that he died because it cured him from his moment to moment pain. I learnt a lot of memorable words from my grandpa, Life is too short, live it before it ends. At that time I never took his words seriously but now these same words have become so important and meaningful to me. That incident has become the most heartbreaking moment of my life, and I am sure that I will never experience anything as drastic as that.

Tarpan - Facts and Figures

Tarpan - Facts and Figures Name: Tarpan; also known as Equus ferus ferus Habitat: Plains of Eurasia Historical Period: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-100 years ago) Size and Weight: About five feet tall and 1,000 pounds Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; long, shaggy coat About the Tarpan The genus Equuswhich comprises modern horses, zebras and donkeysevolved from its prehistoric horse forebears a few million years ago, and flourished in both North and South America and (after some populations crossed the Bering land bridge) Eurasia. During the last Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, the North and South American Equus species went extinct, leaving their Eurasian cousins to propagate the breed. Thats where the Tarpan, also known as Equus ferus ferus, comes in: it was this shaggy, ill-tempered horse that was domesticated by the early human settlers of Eurasia, leading directly to the modern horse. (See a slideshow of 10 Recently Extinct Horses.) Somewhat surprisingly, the Tarpan managed to survive well into historical times; even after millennia of interbreeding with modern horses, a few pure-bred individuals roamed the plains of Eurasia as late as the early 20th century, the last one dying in captivity (in Russia) in 1909. In the early 1930sperhaps inspired by other, less ethical eugenics experimentsGerman scientists attempted to re-breed the Tarpan, producing what is now known as the Heck Horse. A few years earlier, authorities in Poland also tried to resurrect the Tarpan by breeding horses with noticeably Tarpan-like traits; that early effort in de-extinction ended in failure.

Expository Essay on Depression

Expository Essay on Depression Expository Essay on Depression Even though depression entails one having sad feelings, it is actually a condition that is by far more than merely having some degree of sadness. This is because the magnitude of sadness that one feels when depressed is so intense, it may also be accompanied by numerous other symptoms. There are many types of depression, one of which is referred to as the major depressive disorder in clinical terms. This type of depression is serious because the individual is depressed for a large portion of a day, year-round. The symptoms for this depression include loss of interest in favorite activities and an unexplained gain or loss in weight. Insomnia, difficulty i falling asleep, is also one of the many symptoms. An individual who has a major depression is also more likely to feel like he or she is dissatisfied with all that life has to offer. The other symptoms of this condition include feeling very tired the entire day, even without having done any work, experiencing trouble when concentrating and in one trying to make decisions. Doctors usually diagnose this depression if a patient has suffered five or more symptoms, if the patient has been experiencing the aforementioned symptoms for a period of two or more weeks, and if one of the symptoms is the loss of interest in activities that the patient once found very interesting. Major depression can be treated with a mixture of therapy and medication or the taking of antidepressants. When these two methods of treatment do not work, some of the other treatment options that may be suggested by physicians include those of repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation and electro-convulsive therapy. These methods work by using magnetic fields to stimulate certain parts of the brain in order to help an individual to work better or even have better control of their moods. The other major type of depression is the persistent depressive disorder which is a type of depression that can last for at least two years. This type of depression has numerous symptoms which include a drastic change in one’s appetite where one eats too much food or not enough. This type of disorder also greatly affects an individual’s sleep patterns, either causing the patient to sleep too much or too little. An individual suffering from persistent depression also tends to be fatigued for most of the day and generally feel like he or she lacks energy to perform even the simplest of tasks. This lack of energy, in turn, causes the individual to experience low self-esteem and to generally develop a feeling of hopelessness. As we can see, depression is a serious condition that requires medical attention. If any of the symptoms occur, it is essential to consult a specialist to prevent a big issue. Our custom essay writing service can easily write your expository essay on depression from scratch. Just visit our companys website now!

Network and protocol processes that occur in the network when you Essay

Network and protocol processes that occur in the network when you access X-Stream - Essay Example tors and students to collaborate and exchange information, we will discuss the insights of this portal by demonstrating the necessary methods, protocol techniques and processes. However, in order to give a better idea, we have to take TCP/IP protocol suite in to account. Moreover, the foundation for this technological layer that enables a communication channel for internet applications is the IP addresses itself. The priority of the IP is vital because the rest of the TCP/IP protocol suite is fabricated on the IP. However, a recently introduced modification for improving the efficiency of IPv4 32 bit addressing is the CIDS (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) (Linton 2011). Likewise, IP address is assigned a job for developing and constructing the data packets in the same standardized method along with packet management associated with data transmission between interlinked devices in an efficient way. The primary objective is to establish a path for data packets to travel and serve as a basis for delivering network based online applications and services via a TCP/IP suit. The purpose is to expand accessibility of these web-based applications globally and provide services to users such as sharing and uploading documents, pictures, videos, electronic email, video conferencing, chatting, forums, social networks etc. in a broad spectrum, a common platform is now established that is empowered with the mentioned services to make communication valuable. Consequently, for educational communication, a student portal named as X stream has been established, that will serve as a common platform for all the students and tutors, professors and staff for the same university or college. However, apart from some common examples of web enabled services above, the X stream provides advanced services bundled with customization options for students to gain insights on their studies effectively. The report will follow a thorough discussion of the semantics behind these services ranging from

Issues in Human Resource Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues in Human Resource Management - Assignment Example Furthermore, since another restaurant franchise has beaten Costa Coffee, it is essential to identify some practices that could cause the organisation to overtake Starbuck’s position in the future. Human resource management might be the solution to these strategies issues, but it is critical to determine whether the characteristics in the organisation will benefit from these practices. Three areas of focus have been selected for the report, and they include: why training leads to better outcomes, employee engagement, commitment, and negative behaviour. It is imperative to understand what training, employee engagement and negative behaviour mean in relation to the organisation. Thereafter, some studies and researches will be used to examine whether these HR strategies are helpful to institutions or not. Finally, recommendations will be made on the way forward for Costa Coffee. Costa Coffee operates in a service industry or the hospitality sector, which relies on the successful provision of services by staff members (Costa Coffee, 2014). Consumers often assess the quality of a restaurant by the experience they encounter in those facilities, so firms that grasp this concept are likely to go out of their way to exceed expectations. In the hospitality industry, it is particularly challenging to be superior based solely on tangible elements of consumer encounters since competitors can do the same. However, maintaining personal interactions with buyers can go a long in giving a company an edge over its competitors; it is at this level that companies should consider training as part of their strategy for enhancing quality of service (Pollit, 2006). Literature identifies several justifications for the use of training in the service sector generally, and restaurant businesses in particular. Companies that train their employees tend to be perceived as more professional than those who do not as this manifests in their daily interactions. Furthermore, training is

Parts of a Newspaper Essay Example for Free

Parts of a Newspaper Essay A .Headline- the words are printed in a large type across the top or a news paper article to catch the reader’s attention B. Dateline- the words at the beginning of a news article that tell when and where the story was written. C. News article- in a news paper, a story about an event that has just taken place. D. Feature Article – a detailed report on a person, an issue, or an event. E. Editor – one of the people who run a newspaper F. Editorial – an article in which the Editors give their opinion on an important issue. G. International – tells you about the news across the continents. H. Business tells you the things that are happening business-wise. (media and advertising, world business, economy, stock markets, mutual funds, etc. I. Technology – contains things that are going in and out of style in the technology world. J. Science – contains things that are happening in medical world. (e.g. outer space, environment, etc.) K. Health – talks about modern day human health and health problems. I. Sports – talks about games. (ball games, Olympic games, SEA games, etc.) M. Education – contains the trend n the world of education. (students’ Achievement, schools, etc.) N. Weather – contains the weather for the day O. Obituaries – contains people who passed away and their death should be mentioned to the community. P. Classified Ads – contains open jobs and job description plus job requirements. Other parts include: Cover Page Story, Table of Contents, Editors Pool, Entertainment, etc. Commentary is a series of giving explanations and interpretations Guidelines in Writing a Commentary: There is no recipe for doing commentaries. The elements that make up a successful commentary tend to vary and will depend on the nature of the text and on particular approaches to it. Nor is there a single ‘right answer’ to any passage for commentary. A good commentary may well consist of a number of pertinent questions raised by the passage. However, certain tendencies should be avoided: 1. A commentary should not be prà ©cis of the passage. Summary and description are not commentary. 2. A commentary should not dwell on the context of the passage and should in general avoid venturing into other parts of the work from which the extract is taken. IT should likewise avoid excursions into the wider oeuvre of the author 3. It is not necessary to write out quotations from the passage this can waste valuable time. The following points should be considered: 1. A commentary benefits by paying close attention to the use of language. 2. 2. IT is important to pay attention to the means of representation and to address not only the quest of WHAT is said but of HOW it is said. 3. There is no need to ascribe to the text a definitive meaning or structure. It is fine to problematize the text. Critique – is a method of disciplined systematic analysis of a written or oral discourse. Critique is commonly understood as fault finding and negative judgement, but I can also involve merit recognition, and in the philosophical tradition. It also means a methodical practice of doubt. The contemporary sense of critique has been largely influenced by the enlightenment critique of prejudice and authority, which championed the emancipation and autonomy from religion and political authorities. Critique is an accepted format of written or oral debate. Stating a Purpose: * It is important to state your purpose clearly at the beginning of your talk. Here are some ways to do this: * *talk about – to speak about a subject Example: I’d like to talk about our plans for the new site. * *report on – to tell you about what has been dine. * Example: I’ll be reporting on the progress we have made since last meeting. * *take a look at – examine * Example: First, let’s take a loo at what we have achieved so far. * *tell you about – to give someone information or instruction. * Example: Our reporters will tell you about what is happening in Visayas. * *show – to explain something by doing * Example: The object of the orientation is to show you how to put the theory into practice. * Outline – to give the main facts or information * Example: Give me an outline of the new policy. * *Fill you in on – to give extra or missing information * Example: I will fill you in on the details you just missed during the meeting. * *Give an overview of – to give a short description with general information but with no details. * *highlight – draw attention to or emphasize important facts. * *discuss – to talk about ideas or opinions on subject in more detail

Skin cancer :: essays research papers

Most parents remembered hearing about the importance of protecting their children from the sun, yet children are still playing in the sun without sunscreen or protective clothing. Many people these days are not taking skin cancer seriously after knowing its significance. Skin cancer has been a growing problem in the United States and millions of people have suffered from it every year. The three most common skin cancers are Melanoma, Basal cell, and Squamous cell, which can cause bumps, sores, growths, etc. Skin cancer is a deadly disease with many causes, but the advantage is that it can be prevented. Problem/Definition Skin cancer is a disease where cancer (malignant) cells are found on the outer layer of the skin (epidermis).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The three types of cells found in the epidermis are squamous cells, basal cells, and melanocytes. These cells in time grow to be cancerous. Thus, the three types of skin cancers are squamous cell, basal cell, and melanoma. Melanoma is the most deadliest and destructive type of cancer. (â€Å"Skin Cancer† infotrac.com) The number of people with melanoma has risen in Scotland from 3.5 in 1979 to 10.6 per 100,000 in 1998 for men and 7.0 to 13.1 for women. (Miller 945) Squamous cell and Basal cell skin cancer can kill up to 2,200 people a year in the United States. (Sommerfield SIRS.com) Basal cell, being the most common type of skin cancer, is the cancer that about 75 percent of the people have. (â€Å"Skin Cancer â€Å" infotrac.com) Melanoma is mostly seen in older men but ever since tanning came in during the 1970’s, it has increased in wom en 60 percent around the ages 15-29 over the past three decades.(Sommerfield SIRS.com) â€Å"And basal cell and squamous cell cancers are increasing at a rate of about 5 percent per year†(Sommerfield SIRS.com). Causes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skin Cancer is caused by hereditary factors, overexposure to the sun, and weak immune systems. (â€Å"Skin Cancer† infotrac.com) One reason people tend to get skin cancer is when someone in your family has passed their genes down to you, known as hereditary. Normally hereditary is one of the causes in the development of melanoma. For all types of skin cancers, overexposure of the skin to UV radiation in sunlight is the most frequently blamed source of skin cancer. â€Å"Research suggests that sunburns received early in one’s childhood can lead to skin cancer later in life† (â€Å"Skin Cancer† infotrac.com). For example, when someone gets sunburned, you usually don’t know till ten to twenty years after and that’s why people don’t get skin cancer till they reach their twenties.

Realiability and Validity Rosenburg Scale

Reliability and Validity of the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale Texas A&M University Psychology 203 Introduction The purpose of our study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Rosenber Self-Esteem scale scores. Reliability is simply whether the measurement tool you are using measures something consistently. For example does the same test show the same results when administered repeatedly. Validity is the aspect of a measuring tool that signifies its measuring what it says it does.A valid test measures what it says it’s measuring. However you can have a test that is reliable and not valid, for example if a teacher administers a spelling test that the student has to complete on the computer in a five minute time period. A student may get the same score over and over again, indicating it’s reliable, but it may not be valid because what if that student was slow at typing but knew how to spell every word. The test would not be valid because it’s not meas uring just spelling as intended but also typing speed.Both reliability and validity are crucial in and study because if the research instruments are not reliable and valid, then the results of your experiment will always be in question. Method All ninety-nine A&M students (N=99) that participated in the survey were in the same statistical writing course and were required to take the survey as part of the course curriculum. The survey consisted of 24 males and 75 females, with the average age of these participants being around 20 years old, ranging anywhere from 19 to 24 (M=20. 7, SD=. 997). the survey measured self-esteem by using ten items from the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. The students were scored by taking the mean of all their responses to the ten questions. 10 different statements that the participant rated on a scale of 1 to 7, (1 being â€Å"disagree strongly † and 7 being â€Å"agree strongly†), the higher the score the higher the individuals self-esteem . The scale consisted of 5 revers coded items; an example of a normal item is â€Å"on the whole I am satisfied with myself†.A reverse coded item is an opposite statement for example is â€Å"I feel I do not have much to be proud of†. Results The 10 item subscale from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale appeared to have good internal consistency, (? = . 90). All the survey question appeared to be worth keeping: in fact the deletion of any of the questions would have resulted in a lower alpha score. All 99 participants (N=99) responses to the 10 item survey were averaged together and the self-esteem score for all the participants had ranged from 2. 6-7 with a mean of 5. 4 (M=5. 4, SD=1. 08).The frequency distribution of the average self-esteem scores, illustrated on the histogram, portrays a distribution that is pretty normal but somewhat negatively. This negative distributions means that the participants more frequently had high self-esteem scores than low scores. In fact no participants had a self-esteem score lower than 2. 6. Discussion To ensure that the survey instrument used in this study was actually measuring self-esteem we took a measure of Cronbachs alpha ( or ? ), which is a special measure of reliability known as internal consistency.The internal consistency reliability of survey instruments (e. g. Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale), is a measure of reliability of different survey items intended to measure the same characteristic, in this case self-esteem. For example, there were 10 different questions related to self-esteem level. Each question implies a response scale from 1 to 7. Responses from the group of the 99 respondents have been obtained. In reality, answers to different questions vary for each particular respondent, although the items are intended to measure the same aspect or quantity.The smaller this variability (or stronger the correlation), the greater the internal consistency reliability of this survey instrument. So in this surv ey the self-esteem scale was found to be highly reliable (10 items; = . 90). We can safely assume that our survey items reliably measure self-esteem levels. One other way we might have assessed reliability would have been to get all the participants to take another Self-Esteem survey of similar design but with different questions.In social sciences in particular making sure that your research has construct validity is very important. Construct validity has traditionally been defined as the experimental demonstration that a test is measuring the construct it claims to be measuring, in laymen’s terms; does the measuring tool actually measure the theory under examination.? â€Å"Am I actually measuring what I think I am measuring? In our example construct validity would be how well dos our observational tool (Rosenberg self-esteem scale) assess one dimension of self-esteem.We could of inter-correlated measures of depression with the measures of the revers coded items (SE3,SE5, SE8,SE9,SE10), because depression and the revers coded items have similar underlying constructs. Finally the low correlation between height and self-esteem in our study strengthens our construct validity. I believe it strengthens the overall resolve because common theories of self-esteem have no reliable and valid evidence correlating the two, so we can assume that construct between the two would be low, and if our study showed a strong relationship it would be casue for questions.

Explanatory essay of gambling addiction Essay

It’s a rush, putting money to the felt and threatening the cards to obey. Gambling is quickly becoming one of the favorite activities for many Americans. Where else could you have this kind of excitement with the potential to make money instead of lose it? Only amidst the flashing and heat of the casino lights can a person really let their money turn their brain into an emotional feeding frenzy. This rush, like any other high, has psychological and chemical impacts to a person. You could link gambling to any other drug that equates to the violent excitement. This is exactly what the brain does, represents an action with a feeling, and for many people these feelings become an addiction. Compulsive gambling is a serious affliction that affects many people. While it may seem perverse to consider this a serious disease, realize that the consequences of compulsive gambling can dwarf that of any other addiction. For these people, once they start they just cannot stop, and like any addiction they build up a tolerance and experience symptoms of withdrawal when trying to abstain from gambling. For most people we can abide by certain guidelines, quell the whispers of our brain telling us to go for it and bet it all on this hand. What causes compulsive gamblers to lose control? There is no one reason to satisfy this question. However, with study patterns emerge, and we can recognize the psychological and chemical reasons for this handicap. So why the rush when instead of betting five dollars this hand you bet twenty? It has to do with drugs; specifically those produced naturally by your brain, which affect mood, emotions, etc. A recent study found that â€Å"Hemodynamic responses in the sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEA) and orbital gyrus tracked the expected values of the prospects, and responses to the highest value set of outcomes increased monotonically with monetary value in the nucleus accumbens, SLEA, and hypothalamus. † (Breiter et al. ) In this study, people were given $50 dollars and allowed to gamble with it while their responses were tracked. What the results basically said is that as the people’s expectancy of monetary gains went up, so did the chemical reactions in their bloods. This chemical imbalance when gambling is possibly the reason why many people are unable to quit gambling. It is true that the symptoms of many compulsive gamblers are â€Å"equivalent to a drug-induced high. † (â€Å"Addictive Gambling†). Like addicts of any drug, compulsive gamblers show signs of withdrawal and tolerance. After you’ve been betting the same amount for some time on a simple wager without making much money, you will start to look for ways to increase the betting pleasure. A simple strategy to do this is simply to bet more! When more is on the line there is more risk involved and more excitement. Another way these people can increase the risk involved is by lowering the stakes. There’s nothing more exciting than hitting a long shot. Compulsive gamblers would rather get bigger odds by trying to win a 10% shot than win a small amount with a 90% chance of winning. So as we have seen, the chemical attributes accompanying gambling can create an addiction, but the more interesting and relevant I think are the psychological impacts of gambling. By psychological impacts I mean how gambling affects the mind and actions of the compulsive gambler. This handicap is really defined as a â€Å"disorder of impulse control. † (Something 1). When most people go to gamble they bring with them rationality, and with rationality comes this innate ability to know when you’ve hit a limit. The disorder is the compulsive gambler’s inability to set a limit and stick to it. So you have to ask yourself where is the line drawn? When does fun gambling become a â€Å"maladaptive behavior? † The Washington State Council on Problem Gambling sees it as this: â€Å"A. Persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior as indicated by five (or more) of the following: (1) Is preoccupied with gambling (e. g. , preoccupied with reliving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, or thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble) (2) Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement (3) Has repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling (4) Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling. (5) Gambles as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dysphoric mood (e. g. , feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression) (6) After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even (â€Å"chasing† one’s losses) (7) Lies to family members, therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling (8) Has committed illegal acts such as forgery, fraud, theft, or embezzlement to finance gambling (9) Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling] (10) Relies on others to provide money to relieve a desperate financial situation caused by gambling. † This list seems to be a slippery slope of symptoms. You might realize that this gambling can cause devastating effects to the life of a person. Committing crimes and trying to chase loses will cast a person into trenches of insurmountable debt and grief. There are so many people who do go to casinos and don’t fall into debt. It makes you wonder what is different about these people that made them weak? Perhaps the answer is that â€Å"Addiction is a way to escape from reality, from something that is either too full of sadness (such as living in a violent family) or too devoid of joy (an emotionally hollow life). Emotional trauma in early life may be at the source of many addictions. † (â€Å"Addictive Gambling†). The reality of the world is overbearing sometimes, and thinking about spending millions of dollars in winnings in a fantasy life can help people escape. Whatever the reason it must be understood. Gambling will only continue to grow, and as fun as it is it must also come shackled with precaution.

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See How People Share Their Experience of Using Our Service College-Homework-Help.org See How People Share Their Experience of Using Our Service College-Homework-Help.org Testimonials TrustScore 4.0 | 4 reviews I had a few comments on the content of the case study. And I'm glad that the support works quickly. Fortunately, everything was fixed according to my remarks. From my own experience, I can say that a correctly explained task to the author guarantees a good result. And I hope that the service will take into account my recommendations. TrustScore 5.0 | 3 reviews At first, I was afraid to order. I was worried about the result. Yes, not everything was perfect, but I appreciate the work of the authors of this service highly. Do not be afraid to order here, I have already had my positive experience here and I recommend it to you. TrustScore 3.0 | 4 reviews Usually, I do not write reviews. But in this case, I think that the information will be useful to the same college students as I am. Due to sports and numerous hobbies, I do not have much time to study. I order essays and other works here for the third time already and I am very pleased that I save my time. TrustScore 4.0 | 3 reviews First I will say what I did not like. I had to explain too much about the task. Maybe this is normal, but I spent more time than I expected. A positive point is that the work was highly appreciated. I did not even pretend on it, I just wanted to make my teacher to be satisfied with the result. College-Homework-Help.org in press I liked that they did my task on time. Really, I expected something to go wrong so I fail the exam at the university. It matters to me what kind of text I get. So I checked it by myself. Maybe it could be written better, but I was satisfied. I assumed that would order the text once. I needed to hand it over urgently and had a few time for essay. But now I realized that I can use this service and not spend time on writing, I do not know how to do this work and don't like to. The author of course was not the best... I think that they have better ones. But I did not choose the highest payment though. Oh! You can’t even imagine how hard it is for me to write a text. Especially if it is evaluated and affects my rating, I run into a trouble... I read the work that I paid for. Well, what to say? Maybe not the best text that I have ever read in my life. But I got a good grade. And did not pay much. You know, how it happens? When the teacher gives his assignment for the research paper, and you are in shock. You don’t know where to run and whom to ask how to do it. Because no one knows! From the results of my order, I understood that they have authors who are well versed in this topic. They wrote such papers many times, and do not react to a task with such frightened eyes as mine. There are a lot of services on the Internet. But I looked at the interface of this one and realized that the project is serious. Expected more, but I think I will order the second time. I was lucky to have a lot of time before the deadline and I gave my comments to the support team. The author has corrected everything. Perhaps I should have been more precise in shaping the task.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Kind Of Company †Free Samples

There are two types of business forms that can be setup; each form has their own share of advantages and disadvantages. While going forward with this decision of which type of company to choose, the company   client should focus on few thing, which kind of business that it wants to operate, which kind of company will be suitable for that kind of business, the possible advantages and disadvantages of kind of company ,and whether it has the requester funds that might be needed to start such a company. After the client has figured out the required information, it can carry forward with the formation of the company. Below we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each form of company and what will be suitable for the client in the end. A company is the kind of legal entity that is formed as per the regulations under the Corporations Act 2001. A company has its own legal existence and also the identity of its shareholders must be different form its shareholders and directors.à ‚   A company has its own set of rules that must be followed and also if the company does not have its constitution, it goes by the "replaceable rules" of the Corporations Act 2001. A proprietary company is privately held company that can either be limited or unlimited. Such types of companies are present in Australia and South Africa.   A proprietary company is the type of company that is defined under section 45A(1) of the Corporations Act 2001. Such type of companies is required to have not more than 50 members.   These companies are also not allowed to raise funds from the public that is the main issue that is there with private companies, that they cannot raise money from the public.   It cannot engage itself into any activities that can force them to raise money from the public by issuing a prospectus. A prospectus is a document that is issue by the company stating the terms of offer for shares, to raise money from the public, for their business operations.   There are two types of proprietary companies, namely large proprietary company and small proprietary company.   Both are differentiated on the basis of revenue earned and the level of more o perating activities, and the total amount of fund raised by the company.   A proprietary company is classified as small company if it meets the following requirement-   In case of large proprietary companies, they are required to get their books of account audited and also to appoint an auditor for the same. The small companies are required to get their account audited and prepare their financial statements in the same manner, if they are required to do so as per the requirement of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), or in case of a foreign company , shareholders that are holding more than 5 present of the voting power requires to do so. In case of a proprietary company, the liability of the shareholder is restricted to the number of shares raised held by them, which means that they are liable just for that much amount of shares and not for anything beyond that. This is the situation in case of a limited company. When it comes to an unlimited proprietary company, in which there is a share capital, but the only difference is that the liability of the shareholders is not limited. (https://www.afigec.com/, 2017) Another form of company is the public company. This company have no limit on the number of shareholders and can raise money from the public, by issuing prospectus to the public for the issue of shares. The share capital can be divided into shares of particular denomination and then it can be given to the public, to raise money from the same. Most of the existent public companies were previously private companies that have chosen to go public. All the multinational companies are public companies. The main advantages of this kind of companies are- they have an access to the equity fund market ,a s well as the debt market to raise the requisite amount of fund, for their companies.   They can also additional shares in the public to raise money after the initial offering. That is the kind of many advantages that a public companies has , the area of operation is also large and the total amount of money involved in such kind of companies is also large, so if the client is having so much f unds, they can go ahead with such kind of companies.   The main disadvantages with this kind of business are that there is a lot of control issues involved with the same. And also there are a lot of regulations that a company has to abide by the various government regulations. A public company must have to meet the various government regulations requirements  Ã‚   and the various reporting requirements that the company must abide by. There is also lack of control, because there are so many shareholders, so it is not possible to establish authority in such type of company. (Asic.gov.au, 2017) There are various regulations and other government disclosures that the company needs to comply with, that are the main requirements that the company must need to follow that. The client needs to take decision based on the kind of business operations that the kind of company that they need.   Both of the same have their own share of their advantages and disadvantages and on the basis of the same, the client needs to take the decision the kind of company it wants to establish. (www.nfplawyers.com.au, 2017) Asic.gov.au. (2017). How to start a company | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/starting-a-company/how-to-start-a-company/ [Accessed 27 May 2017]. Incorporator.com.au. (2017). Incorporator.com.au - Proprietary company compared with Public Company (Australia). [online] Available at: https://www.incorporator.com.au/l3/21_01_Proprietary_company_compared_with_Public_Company_Australia.asp [Accessed 27 May 2017]. www.nfplawyers.com.au. (2017). Checklist-to-establish-a-Public-Company-Limited-by-Guarantee. [online] Available at: https://www.nfplawyers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Checklist-to-establish-a-Public-Company-Limited-by-Guarantee.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2017]. Registeracompany.com.au. (2017). Company basics - Register a Company Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.registeracompany.com.au/faq/company-basics.cfm [Accessed 27 May 2017]. https://www.afigec.com/. (2017). company-formation-in-Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.afigec.com/data/en/pdf/142/company-formation-in-australia.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2017].

Discussion question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Discussion question - Essay Example This part of information security is recognized as computer security where professionals try to secure computers from being manipulated in order to obtain ensure that the information that is secured on these computers remain safe (Smith, 2000, p.101). Therefore, the security of computers is a part of the information security and these two terms should not be used interchangeably although they are commonly used to refer to each other. In case of information security, the professionals aim at securing the information of an individual as well as an organization and they do so by securing all the places where information is stored and used. In the case of computer security, professionals try to secure various parts of a particular computer as on these parts the information of individuals and organizations is secured. These parts may include: hard drive, website, USB and CD ROMs. While securing information as well as computers, the professionals try to figure out vulnerabilities in the co mputer system and then they try to cover these gaps to make sure information is not

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT PROJECT ON WALMART Essay

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT PROJECT ON WALMART - Essay Example Wal-Mart values its inventories at the lower of cost or market value, which essentially means if the market value of inventory falls, the company will write-down the inventory value in its balance sheet. Wal-Mart is divided into three segments: Wal-Mart U.S, Wal-Mart International and Sam’s Club. All of the merchandise related to the U.S segment is valued using the Last in First out (LIFO) method. LIFO is an inventory valuation method allowed under US GAAP but not under IFRS (CFA institute, 2012). LIFO assumes that inventory items purchased most recently are sold first and hence the items remaining in the inventory are assumed to be the oldest items purchased. In period of rising prices, LIFO reports a higher cost of sales and lower ending inventory figure than other inventory valuation methods. Higher cost of sales lead to lower gross profit and hence results in tax savings. The company reports a LIFO reserve in its annual statements for reconciliation of LIFO cost of sales a nd inventory with FIFO cost of sales and inventory. This is to ensure that comparisons can be made with other companies in the retail industry that use FIFO as their inventory valuation method. Wal-Mart’s inventory turnover rate has been on the lower side considering the diverse range of product it sells. Inventory turnover rate fell from 8.6 times in 2011 to 8.2 times in 2012 which means that it took almost 44 days for Wal-Mart to convert its inventory into sales in 2012 and 42 days in 2011. Wal-Mart uses accrual accounting to prepare its annual statements. Accrual accounting is different from cash accounting in the sense that in accrual accounting revenues are recorded when they are earned and expenses are recorded when they are incurred whereas in cash accounting revenues are recorded when the money is received and expenses are recorded when cash is paid out (Investopedia, 2009). Wal-Mart has accrued liabilities of $18.154B indicating that these liabilities are due and Wal -Mart has not yet paid them. Moreover, prepaid expenses amounted to $1.685B in 2012 indicating that these expenses have already been paid in advance (Wal-Mart, 2012). In cash accounting, prepaid expenses and accrued liabilities are not recorded since these are obligations that are due but no cash outflow has been made in lieu of these obligations. Accrual accounting can be manipulated to show higher earnings by using estimates that inflate the income. For instance, unjustly inflating the ending inventory figure can result in a lower cost of sales and consequently inflate the net income of a company. In Wal-Mart’s case, figures are presented conservatively so that the income is not inflated unreasonably. The receivables of Wal-Mart increased by 16.7% from 5.089B in 2011 to $ 5.937B in 2012 (Wal-Mart, 2012). Wal-Mart records a provision for doubtful debts, which is a contra-asset account and is recorded to account for the prudence concept. According to the prudence concept, imp robable expenses are recorded whereas improbable revenues are not accounted for. Provision for doubtful debts is created to account for debts that will remain unpaid. The reserve for doubtful accounts is based on historical trends in collection of the past due amounts that debtors owe to a company and on the write-off history of the company. The total provision for doubtful accounts increased by 28% from $252M in 2011 to $323M in 2012

Portfolio management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Portfolio management - Research Paper Example Aim of this work will be then to analyze into details the success factors of this nation on an economic basis, together with a comprehensive analysis of the growth of Qatari market, and the major characteristics of two corporations, Almeera and Qatar Telecom, according to the following factors: Assets analysis Profit and return analysis Growth in shares Market analysis Risk analysis QATAR ECONOMY AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR For hundreds of years it’s believed by many experts on an academic perspective that Qatar will be a nation where hydrocarbon exports will be the major export driver1, mainly due to the high consistency of the ongoing reserve, despite the geographical limits and relative small size of the country, and due to the increasing trend of oil prices. In this perspective it’s therefore believed that Qatar is and will continue to be a country where oil production and refinery will be a major contributor for the growth of the economy. Oil and Gas sectors, through all the production chain, from the extraction to the refinery and distribution (with the innovative presence of gas liquid transformation sites on the major cities) counts approximately for around 50 percent of the national GDP, according to many experts2. In addition to this, evidence has been found on the fact that oil counts for approximately 85% of export earnings, and 70% of government revenues. The revenues stemming from this sector and industry are very high, and count for the major part of gross national product. Meantime, the Governmental Intervention has recently deeply focused on the development, through appropriate and well -designed incentivizing schemes, the growth of the so called â€Å"knowledge economy†, so that the capability to increase the other sectors of the economy can be made possible on a larger perspective3. With the exception of Oil, other primary industries that are receiving major consideration in this sense are the following: Manufacturing indust ry (which can properly leverage on Health and Educational services: the central government has deeply incentivized the development of a proper net of educational institutions, so that skilled students can enter the labor market and improve the economic condition of the country also by competing with knowledge intensive industries as well. On an economic perspective the growth and the well - designed incentives for the economy have been deeply investigated, and their effectiveness has been already proved. On the other side, however, a major area of concern is related to the administrative and bureaucratic side, due to the fact that on a major and broader perspective a main limitation for foreign investors within the country and for internal entrepreneurs to grow and to expand their business Is highly dependent on the capability to adequately guarantee the administrative speed and accuracy of the operational activity of the companies operanting in this country: on a more precise basis , it’s widely believed that a necessary limit for further growth is related to the governmental authority increasing regulations that may pose a limit to the further development of small medium enterprises, which are the real engine of growth. The financial sector in this field is also increasing its role and

The integration process of immigrants in Spain

The integration process of immigrants in Spain Immigration Spain Emigration A social analysis of the integration process of immigrants in Spain. The way in which ‘the problem’ of immigration in Spain affects the integration of immigrants. Over the last fifteen years, Spain has gone from being a country of emigration to a country of immigration. In recent years few European countries have experienced as dramatic a rise in immigration as Spain. Spain has been among the most open countries in the European Union, admitting 650,000 immigrants last year alone and granting residency permits to 560,000 more who were in the country illegally. Although the percentage of immigrants is still relatively low compared to other European countries (6.1% of the population in 2005) the growth of immigration experienced over the last five years has led experts to consider the country as a â€Å"new immigration centre.† The economic and historical connections with North Africa and South America have been the principal triggers of immigration flows, with almost 2/3 of immigrants coming from outside the EU. Europeans also represent a large number of immigrants in Spain. Attracted to the Costa del Sol’s climate and low cost of living, many come to retire. There are three basic causes for this substantial change in the position of Spain as a new centre of immigration. The first is the continuous economic development of the country and the fact that it belongs to one of the most developed regions in the world, the EU. Secondly, Spain is considered as an alternative to other European countries with high levels of immigration where there now exist increasingly strong restrictions on immigration, especially those originating from outside Europe. Thirdly, Spain’s geographical situation means that it has become the ‘back door’ for immigrants’ intent on reaching the rest of Europe. The significant increase of the foreign population since 2000 has resulted in a growing awareness that immigration is a structural phenomenon and Spain: a multicultural country. Recent Spanish opinion polls reveal the distortion between the reality and nationals’ perception of the extent of this immigration. In the book ‘Europeos e Inmigrantes,’ the authors study local’s opinion on immigration and conclude with the following results: approximately 55% of Spanish society perceive Spain as having ‘a lot’ of immigrants- though not too many- and 25% of them consider the number of immigrants to be too high. The number of immigrants, but more specific still the presence of immigrants, is suggested to be a ‘problem.’ This study will be looking at the perception of immigration as a ‘problem,’ and the consequence of this perception on the integration of immigrants in Spain. I am interested in the integration of immigrants on a social level: the ways in which social constructions of the ‘other’ are reflected in the social integration process of the immigrant population. In the end, I hope to make sense not just of immigrants’ marginal status in Spain; but also how the concept of culture and society shapes the integration process. Despite common belief that Spain is being met by an invasion of newcomers, the percentage of immigrants to the total national population remains the lowest within the EU. By 2001, immigrants in Spain made up 2.5% of the population, contrasted with 4.2% for the UK, 4.3 for the Netherlands, 5.6 for France, and 8.9 for Germany. Overall, the European average is three times higher than the Spanish average. Despite the fact that illegal immigrants are seen as a threat to the growing population, illegal entrance into Spain counts for only 4% of the immigrants entering legally. Yet today, immigration is among the top three mentioned problems and has been referred to as a cultural problem. The media has had, and continues to have, a great influence on the nation’s interpretation of immigration and the prominence of immigration in national politics and people’s consciousness reflects the extent to which the subject of immigration is covered by Spanish media. No other medium is able to send a determined message out to the masses, or has so much power as to make everyone value their freedom of speech. Those who have studied ‘public opinion’ have said, â€Å"Although people think they have formulated their own opinion, in actual fact their opinion and argument is more or less echoed from a favoured political leader or party.† National newspapers go as far as to include a section on ‘the immigration problem’ aimed at keeping track of the number of illegal immigrants apprehended by the police. The Spanish newspaper, ‘El Paà ­s’ uses headlines such as: ‘Interceptados 76 inmigrantes en las costas de Granada y Canarias en las à ºltimas horas, and frequently describes the arrival of ‘nueva oleadas de pateras que intentan alcanzar Espaà ±a. On television, the Spanish public are supplied with regular images of illegal immigrants attempting to enter the country illegally. The constant focus on immigration in political discourse and in the mass media has created a sense of migratory pressure amongst the public, a sense that there are floods of people banging on the border doors to get in. â€Å"Las puertas de Europa Espaà ±a y nueve paà ­ses europeos han acordado establecer un operativo para patrullar toda la zona del à frica atlà ¡ntica susceptible de ser punto de origen de pateras y cayucos que viajan hacia Europa y, sobre todo, hacia Canarias, que acusa casi cada dà ­a la presià ³n de esta avalancha migratoria.† This pressure is fuelled by both a fear of security and a fear of immigrants affecting the Spanish labour market (which I will discuss later on). This fear is often translated into panic and irrational conclusions for those ignorant of the reality of the situation. Evidence of illegal immigrants in Spain has created confusion between attitudes towards illegal and legal immigrants, and often the two groups are treated as one. Following the 9/11 tragedy, race stereotypes have once again become commonplace and through pure ignorance and fear, immigrants are seen as a threat to the public’s safety, often being associated with Islamic fundamentalism. Public insecurity due to misinformation has manifested itself in violence and xenophobic feelings against the immigrants. An example of this took place in 2000, in El Ejido (Andalucia), where locals violently attacked newly settled immigrants, following a young girl’s murder by a Moroccan. The dissemination of these negative perceptions has helped conjure up a sensation of invasion, which does not mirror the reality of the situation. The reality of the situation (which I have already discussed) is that this existing fear is unjustified. It is a representation of the ignorance surrounding the perception of immigration linking the race of an immigrant group with the safety of a country. Immigration has also been considered a threat to the structure of the labour market. During the 1980s and 1990s, when immigration to Spain was at its highest, the country was experiencing a profound economic crisis characterized above all by high levels of unemployment. The presence of immigrants and the misconception that they were invading the Spanish labour market, added further tension to the relationship between the two groups, and was therefore considered an economic and social problem. â€Å"More than any other factor, unemployment is generally seen as the root cause behind the electoral successes of the radical Right across Europe and is credited with casing an existence of a negative, anti immigrant attitude in Spain.† Immigration in Spain has also been treated as a cultural problem â€Å"where the idea of having immigrants in the country is not perceived as a positive multicultural phenomenon but as a threat to the integrity of the Spanish cultural identity.† The Spanish fear that the increasing presence of other national cultures will overshadow and stifle their own traditions. The immigrants have brought their own culture to Spain, which they expect to be respected and recognised so that they may practice their traditions in harmony with the rest of society. Spaniards fear that the integration of immigrants will entail the growth of alien religious infrastructures and more conflict between locals and immigrants. The social integration of Muslims in particular is perceived as difficult, because of the demands for their own religious infrastructure. The constructions of mosques render the development of a multicultural society even more obvious. Since the terrorist attacks in Madrid 2004, Islam has been presented as an alien civilization, with mosques feared as centres of terrorism. This fear often translates into irrational conclusions. â€Å"As it generally does in other European countries, the association of North Africans with Islamic fundamentalism, terrorism and crime tends to breed hostility and suspicion from the Spanish public.† In summary, the immigration problem revolves around an insecurity bred by the sense of invasion. People feel threatened by the implications of immigrants in the labour market, and what ‘integration’ really entails for the culture and society dynamics of Spain. I am now going to address the concept of integration and how the perception of immigration already discussed has affected this process. In order to assess how this is affecting the integration process I will be looking at the topic from an anthropological perspective. Among those who attempt to define the concept of integration, there is considerable disagreement. In the context of Spanish immigration it has taken on many meanings, some implying that it is reached when the immigrant is able to ‘fit in,’ others suggesting that it hinges on natives’ open-mindedness and tolerance, and still others prioritising the accessibility of social services and basic necessities. Often, the term is simply used as a synonym for settlement, or establishing physical and social roots. A Spanish social scientist and immigration expert defines it this way: ‘We can say that immigrants are integrated into a host society when they do not face additional obstacles due to their foreign origin in the main aspects of their social, economic, and family life, when compared to the native-born population.’ Law plays a central role in the immigrants’ integration on all levels and has been seen as â€Å"formally codifying them as different at several levels.† Spain had several attempts at immigration legalisation: the first, ‘the Ley de Extranjeria,’ focussing primarily on control over immigrants rather than integration. Immigration laws designated some people as non-citizens with a limited set of rights and privileges. Others were declared to be illegal and unwelcome altogether and those who did achieve legal status found their position unstable, as they are vulnerable to frequent changes in legislation and status. When in 1998 the issue of integration was finally addressed, the focus was still on the integration of ‘non-EU foreigners’ rather than the immigrant group as a whole, stigmatising the non-EU immigrants as the problem group. Perez, in his article, â€Å"Spain: Forging an Immigration Policy,† goes as far as to say that the ‘Law on the rights and Freedoms of Foreigners in Spain and their Integration’ passed in January 2000, was not so much ‘because of the law’s acknowledgement of immigrant rights but because of its conception of immigration as a permanent phenomenon.’ Still today immigrants struggle against policy restrictions. Despite the common belief that immigrants create problems in the Spanish labour market, the reality of the situation is that the immigrant work force is largely responsible for Spain’s economic growth. This growth, over the last decade, has been among the fastest in the EU. â€Å"It is not a coincidence that the strong economic growth and increase in employment rate has increased with the arrival of immigrants into Spain.† Having said this, statistics show that in 2006 the unemployment rate for Spaniards was 8% compared to 12% for foreigners. The lack of facilities for Spanish employers to contract foreigners and the difficulty such employers face accessing Spanish labour has resulted in irregular immigration flows and labour markets. In addition to the disparity between the unemployment rates for Spanish and Immigrant workers, there is also a difference in the nature of work. The restructuring of the Spanish economy after the accession to the European Community has resulted in an increase in the demand for labour in sectors of the economy where nationals no longer wish to work. Spanish laws make it virtually impossible to gain admission as legal residents outside of the quota system that is largely confined to those willing to work in agriculture, domestic help, and construction, i.e. those sectors where wages and working conditions are inadequate to attract sufficient local workers. These laws thus guarantee that immigrant workers labour under conditions that are shunned by most of the working class, an arrangement that furthermore highlights their economic alienation and their exclusion from reasonable housing, health care and other basic necessities further distancing there chances on reaching integration. Furthermore, there is little stability for immigrants in the labour market with most of them receiving only temporal jobs. There is also a significant difference in wages. It has been noted that non-communitarians earn 33% less than Spanish citizens. These forms of discrimination have resulted in the exploitation of undocumented workers: considerably lower payments, a lack of safety standards, labour security and worker rights. One of the main problems with the way in which immigration is perceived in Spain is that not much is known about the immigrant as an individual. Because of this lack of knowledge, realities are distorted and often the outsider is assumed to be the culprit for society’s ills. â€Å"In endeavouring to reduce environmental complexity to a manageable size, when bombarded with environmental stimuli, untested cognitive short-cuts come to be employed which have a tendency to become self fulfilling.† In order for immigration to be perceived accurately by any social group there must be a basis of knowledge; not hearsay. As most of the media coverage on the immigrant population relates to violence and delinquency, it is understandable why the average Spaniard, adopts a defensive stance. To gain an accurate, or at least fair representation of the immigrant population, these negative portrayals ought to be contested with representations from the minority groups. A lack of organisation and funds are said to explain the lack of minority media produced in Spain. Whether this is the case, or whether the lack of initiative to produce a platform for the minority groups to speak out from is the manifestation of another social inequality. The danger of a ‘general’ perception of the immigrant group is that incorrect assumptions are made and stereotypes formed. Generalisations on immigrants’ nationalities create a belief that each nation has one culture shared by all inhabitants. Similar generalisations are made towards the second generation of immigrants. The children of the immigrants, who have never immigrated, and who were born in Spain are assumed to be of foreign origin. These stereotypes also include the concept that others’ cultural traits are strange and not worthy of exploring because they are not necessary to the already comfortable, established concepts that the society possesses. The cultural traits that cause the most ‘problems’ are those most different, usually those from non-European countries. This is because, in everyday life, they are the most conspicuous (with regards to the fact that in Spain the colour of one’s skin is still associated with being ‘foreign’) reminding nationals that Spain is becoming a multicultural country. Spanish researcher and anthropologist, Damian Omar Martinez, explores the concept that on a social level, non- European immigrants are discriminated against more because they are considered further away from integration: the integration that sees immigrants conforming to the Spanish way of life. With the transformation of the European Union, the free movement of Europeans between borders means that to a certain extent relationships between different European cultures are less tense. European citizens are increasingly viewed as being part of a European community. The borders between themselves and ‘the others’ have almost been extended up to the exterior borders of Europe. McGrance argues that there is a distinct Western thought process. He argues that: ‘there is the superior Western culture, and then there are all the rest as contrast. A sharp divide is created, with epistemological privilege always on the side of the West. With these analyses in mind, one realises the extent of the difficulties immigrants face in becoming integrated into Spanish society. Adding to the discussion on integration and what impedes this process for immigrants, I am interested in how a national population is able to control a minority population. When talking of integration, it is impossible to say when an immigrant is fully integrated as an essential part of this process is determined by non- controllable factors such as the native population’s response. It seems the first step to any kind of integration for minority groups (the immigrants), is acceptance from the majority (the nationals). However, when integration can be defined as a concept that calls for the absence of racism and tolerance for minority groups, the question is raised as to whether it is integration we are talking about or tolerance. Is the immigration in Spain a case of ‘integrating’ immigrants or merely ‘tolerating’ them? If it is a case of tolerating immigrants, there is little hope of integration for immigrants on a social level. This brings me onto the concepts of ‘society’ and ‘community,’ which seem to influence the process of integration of immigrants. Calavita writes that the concept of culture and community is difficult to define. She quotes Walzer’s attempt at defining the term: â€Å" that at a minimum a community consists of like-minded members, with some special commitment to one another and some special sense of their common life.† The term community deals with the concept of belonging and not belonging: the member whom is accepted and part of something, and the outsider whom is striving to be part of something that is not necessarily clear. The Europe we see developing today is a prime example of a ‘community’ of nations pushing for one identity. Cris Shore explores the idea that this very existing identity is one of the main culprits for the problem of integration of immigrant. â€Å"Identity is represented as a process of classification involving boundaries of inclusion and exclusion.† Shore goes on further to explore the terms European and non- European. Though there is no official definition for these terms, ‘ a more coherent applied definition can be seen emerging at the borders and boundaries of the new Europe.’ With the distinction of European and non-European groups becoming clear, so to is the distinction between the insider and the outsider. These terms are used to reiterate the fact that the immigrant is from outside, it is used to make the distinction between the group of ‘Us’ (national population) and ‘Them’ (the immigrant), and it has been used by Spaniards to remind themselves of what they are not. One must ask to what extent the integration of immigrants is a process of selection, and to what extent the national population influences this process. Nowadays the significance and relevance of being a member of a community has been devalued somewhat, as it is increasingly difficult to define this term. Calavita quotes Bauman and others as arguing, â€Å"that this kind of community is on the decline, as globalisation, with its collapsing cultural boundaries, and the diminishing significance of the nation-state, erodes its boundaries and disintegrates its ties, leaving little structure to the foundations of this group.† ‘The diminishing significance of the nation state’ refers to the developing ‘European identity’ the EU are pushing for today. This united centre requires the breaking down of national barriers to ensure full communication between nations in an effort for them to work together and be successful as one. Arguments put forward suggesting immigration is a ‘cultural problem’ because of its effect on the authenticity of Spanish culture, are unsound, as the very Europe that Spain forms part of, is doing just that. Considering immigration as a ‘problem,’ has severely affected the process of integration of immigrants in Spain. The real concern lies in the general public’s perception of immigrants. The strength of a nation’s perception is based on a sentiment cultivated over many years; can this national sentiment towards immigration be changed? It does not make sense to see a city or country as an integrated body of citizens, a group you can enter once you have completed cultural, economic requirements. It is the discussion of immigration as a problem, and the questioning of whether immigrants integrate or not that creates the phenomenon of immigration and puts such pressure on the social groups involved to form a position on the issue. When analysing the immigration issue in Spain, it should not be the question of whether the immigrants are a problem, or whether they are integrated or not, but what there role is in society.

Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy :: essays research papers

Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine picking up the newspaper one morning in you quiet little town where nothing ever seems to happen that could affect the townspeople so drastically†¦ â€Å"Latham Weekly, June 2, 1998†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bizarre Murders Committed In Raccoon City† is the fearful headline across the front page and you read on wondering what all this could mean and what would happen in the months to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Raccoon City – The mutilated body of forty-two-year-old Anna Mitaki was discovered late yesterday in an abandoned lot not far from her home in Northwest Raccoon City.† You never thought it could happen. Especially in a quiet town like yours. A dear friend of yours has been viscously murdered. She has been the forth victim of what people are now calling the â€Å"Cannibal Killers.† The reason for this is due to that all the victims found were partially eaten; the bite patterns apparently formed by human jaws. This report has now brought the mysterious killings up to seven. â€Å"Raccoon Times, June 22, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Horror In Raccoon! More Victims Dead† (You could only wonder what this means for the city.) â€Å"Raccoon City – The bodies of a young couple were found early Sunday morning in Victory Park, making Deanne Rusch and Christopher Smith the eight and ninth victims in the reign of violence that has terrorized the city since mid-May of this year.† As you read on you find out that these victims suffered the same wounds as the previous victims. All is quiet again for about another month due to the Raccoon Police enforcing a citywide curfew and barricading areas near where the murders took place. After that month of somewhat normalness you read the newspaper to find that something will be done to help out the city. â€Å"Cityside, July 21, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S.T.A.R.S. Special Tactics And Rescue Squad Sent To Save Raccoon City†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You think to yourself†¦thank God something is finally going to be done to put an end to this on going horror. â€Å"Police Chief Brian Irons announced yesterday that the S.T.A.R.S. will participate full-time in the search for the hikers and will also be working closely with the RPD until there is an end to the rash of murders and disappearances that are destroying the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chief Irons, a former S.T.A.R.S. member himself, was asked in an exclusive telephone interview from Cityside about why the S.T.A.R.S. hadn’t been assigned to these cases until now, Chief Irons would only say that the S. Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy :: essays research papers Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine picking up the newspaper one morning in you quiet little town where nothing ever seems to happen that could affect the townspeople so drastically†¦ â€Å"Latham Weekly, June 2, 1998†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bizarre Murders Committed In Raccoon City† is the fearful headline across the front page and you read on wondering what all this could mean and what would happen in the months to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Raccoon City – The mutilated body of forty-two-year-old Anna Mitaki was discovered late yesterday in an abandoned lot not far from her home in Northwest Raccoon City.† You never thought it could happen. Especially in a quiet town like yours. A dear friend of yours has been viscously murdered. She has been the forth victim of what people are now calling the â€Å"Cannibal Killers.† The reason for this is due to that all the victims found were partially eaten; the bite patterns apparently formed by human jaws. This report has now brought the mysterious killings up to seven. â€Å"Raccoon Times, June 22, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Horror In Raccoon! More Victims Dead† (You could only wonder what this means for the city.) â€Å"Raccoon City – The bodies of a young couple were found early Sunday morning in Victory Park, making Deanne Rusch and Christopher Smith the eight and ninth victims in the reign of violence that has terrorized the city since mid-May of this year.† As you read on you find out that these victims suffered the same wounds as the previous victims. All is quiet again for about another month due to the Raccoon Police enforcing a citywide curfew and barricading areas near where the murders took place. After that month of somewhat normalness you read the newspaper to find that something will be done to help out the city. â€Å"Cityside, July 21, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S.T.A.R.S. Special Tactics And Rescue Squad Sent To Save Raccoon City†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You think to yourself†¦thank God something is finally going to be done to put an end to this on going horror. â€Å"Police Chief Brian Irons announced yesterday that the S.T.A.R.S. will participate full-time in the search for the hikers and will also be working closely with the RPD until there is an end to the rash of murders and disappearances that are destroying the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chief Irons, a former S.T.A.R.S. member himself, was asked in an exclusive telephone interview from Cityside about why the S.T.A.R.S. hadn’t been assigned to these cases until now, Chief Irons would only say that the S.

Care for the Elderly Essay

AIM/PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to address to family members or family carers for older people with dementia a range of perspectives, as understanding perspective of those affected. For the purpose of giving them an idea of knowing the early signs and symptoms of dementia and the suggested care by the experienced staff involved in this study. To know and identify the problems of the person having dementia, and as carers, to know how to respond to these problem. Thus, the older people would meet their needs and will be looked after. INTRODUCTION The definition of dementia is fairly simple. Dementia is a group of diseases that cause a permanent decline of person’s ability to think, reason and manage his own life. Dementia is caused by biological processes within the brain that damage brain cells. They cause a person to have impaired memory, forgetfulness and an inability to retain new information. To lose the ability to speak and be understood by others and the ability to understand written or spoken language. To lose the ability to plan, make good judgements and carry out multi-step tasks. To lose the ability to process and understand visual information. These losses mean that a person with dementia cannot manage his own day-to-day and personal care. The implications for a person with this diagnosis and her family can be staggering. Dementia, regardless of its cause, is a progressive condition. It is distressing and frightening illness for individual and heartbreaking for family members. The course of the illness may be gradual and sometimes subtle, as in classically seen in Alzheimer’s disease. It may be abrupt and  can be characterised by sudden episodes of deterioration as the case of Vascular Dementia, also known as multi infarct dementia. In Lewy Body Dementia, the course of the illness maybe punctuated by episodes of confusion, hallucinations, and delusions and in fronto temporal dementia by insidious personality or behavioural changes. Today there are more than thousands of people with dementia here in Ireland. If this current demographic trends to continue, this number is likely to rise substantially in the coming years. In the older population, dementia is the most frequent reason for long term care. Because most form of dementia cannot be cured, the aim of this treatment is to delay the disease progression And to maintain functioning and quality of life. The purpose of this research is to conduct a study to understand the perspective of those affected is crucial prior to the development of care people with dementia and the impact on all those affected, for example, the person with dementia,carers and family members. To understand the manifestation application in day to day life. DEMENTIA AS A DISEASE Dementia is a syndrome due to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic or progressive nature, in which there is disturbance of multiple higher cortical functions, including memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language and judgement. Consciousness is not clouded. The impairments of cognitive function are commonly accompanied, and occasionally preceded by deterioration in emotional control, social behaviour, or motivation. The syndrome occurs in Alzheimer’s disease, in cerebrovascular disease, and in other conditions primarily or secondarily affecting the brain. There are a number of different reasons – some neurological and others environmental – why people with dementia may exhibit challenging behaviours. Some behaviours, for example, are caused by a chemical imbalance in the  brain and may be directly related to the dementia but others may be precipitated by a myriad of psychosocial and environmental factors such as room temperature (too hot or too cold), the person’s fatigue or malaise, he or she being in pain, bored or frightened being surrounded by unfamiliar faces. Agitation, aggression, wandering and repeated questioning, for example, may be an expression of unmet need. The big paradox in dementia care is that people with dementia need much time. If you have dementia, or you are looking after someone who does, you will experience a range of practical issues. People with dementia can feel vulnerable as their condition progresses and they increasingly rely on other people to do things for them. It is important that people who have dementia feel reassured and supported, while retaining some level of independence. Although some symptoms are common to many people with dementia, each person’s experience of the disease will be different. When a person with dementia finds that their mental abilities are declining, they’re likely to feel anxious, stressed and scared. They may be aware of their increasing clumsiness and inability to remember things, and this can be very frustrating and upsetting for them. If you are looking after someone with dementia, you can help them feel more secure by creating a regular daily routine in a relaxed environment where they’re encouraged and not criticised. Involving the person you look after in everyday tasks may make them feel useful and improve their sense of self-worth. They could help with the shopping, laying the table or sweeping leaves in the garden, for example. As the illness progresses, these tasks may become harder for them to manage independently, and you may need to give them more support. How can we be help to people with dementia? Offer support sensitively and try not to be critical of their attempts. It can be very important for them to feel that they’re still useful. In the early stages of dementia, memory aids can be used around the house to help the person remember where things are. For example, you could put pictures on cupboard doors of what’s inside, such as cups and saucers. This may help to trigger their memory and enable them to retain their independence a little  longer. Keeping up hobbies and interests when someone has dementia Many people with dementia will still enjoy their hobbies or interests. For example, if they like cooking, they may be able to help make a meal. Going for a walk or gardening can provide exercise and fresh air. Or they may prefer listening to music or playing a board game. Caring for a pet cat or dog can bring a lot of pleasure to some people. If the person you care for was very sociable and outgoing, or if they have a large family, they may really enjoy visits from one or two family members or friends. But remember that they may struggle to keep up with conversations if they have a lot of visitors at the same time. Maintaining good health and nutrition in someone with dementia It’s important that the person you care for healthy foods and gets some exercise. The longer they stay fit and healthy, the better their quality of life will be. If the person you care for doesn’t eat enough or eats unhealthy food, they can become susceptible to other illnesses. People with dementia can become more confused if they get ill. Common problems for people with dementia include: not recognising foods forgetting what food they like refusing or spitting out food resisting being fed asking for strange food combination How can we help? Involve the person you care for. For example, if you feed them, you could put the cutlery in their hand and help guide it to their mouth. You could also involve them in preparing food if they are able to.Try to stay calm. If you feel stressed at mealtimes, the person you care for will probably be stressed too. Make sure you have plenty of time for meals so you can deal with any problems that arise. Try to accommodate behaviour changes. It’s  likely that the person you care for will change their eating patterns and habits over time. Being aware of this and trying to be flexible will make mealtimes less stressful for both of you. People with incontinence Incontinence can be difficult to deal with and can be very upsetting for the person you care for. It’s common for people with dementia to experience incontinence. A person with dementia may also simply forget to go to the toilet, or may forget where the toilet is. They may also have lost the ability to tell when they need the toilet. It’s important to be understanding, retain a sense of humour and remember that it’s not their fault. You may also want to try the following: Put a sign on the toilet door, such as a photo of the toilet Keep the toilet door open Make sure that the person you care for can access it easily make sure they can remove their clothes – some people with dementia can struggle with buttons and zips Look out for signs that they may need to go to the toilet, such as fidgeting and standing up and down. Helping someone with dementia with their personal hygiene People with dementia can become anxious about certain aspects of personal hygiene and may need help with washing. For example, they may be scared of falling when getting out of the bath, or they may become disorientated in the shower. The person may not want to be left alone or they may resist washing because they find the lack of privacy undignified and embarrassing, at which it is no longer safe to leave the person alone, and never leave the person alone in the bathroom. a).Coaching the person through each step of bathing, ex.: by asking him or her to hold a washcloth or shampoo bottle. Avoid asking the person to do a  task that is too difficult. †¢ Ask what time of day and what routine is best for  bathing given the person’s choices and previous   routines. †¢ Consider whether a person may be afraid of water  or have a depth perception impairment that may   make entering a bathtub frightening. †¢ Respect the person’s dignity by providing a towel  to cover his or her body throughout the process. †¢ Consider the frequency of bathing. It may not be  necessary for individuals to bathe every day. †¢ Be gentle. A person’s skin may be very sensitive.  Avoid scrubbing, and pat dry instead of rubbing. A hand-held shower may help to wash hard to   reach areas. †¢ Wash the most sensitive areas last, including the  head, face and perineal area. †¢ Washing the person’s hair may be the most People with dementia often experience disturbed sleep. They may wake up during the night or be restless. These problems may get worse as the illness progresses. People with dementia may also have painful illnesses such as arthritis that cause, or contribute to, sleep problems. Some medication can cause sleepiness during the day and interfere with sleep at night. Sleeping pills can be used with care in people with dementia. However, ‘sleep hygiene’ measures are best for people with dementia – for example, no naps during the day, regular bedtimes and avoiding alcohol or caffeine at night. DRESSING †¢ Others do not feel dressing up is important and this choice should be equally respected. Attempt to gather this information from family if the person with dementia is unable to communicate. †¢ Simplify clothing choices for the person according to his or her ability to choose. †¢ Give the person short, simple instructions while handing them an item such as â€Å"Put on your shirt.† Sometimes just handing the person an item of clothing (without saying anything) will facilitate dressing. †¢ Choose comfortable, simple clothing that easy to put on and take off. Consider cardigans, or other clothing that buttons in the front, rather than pullovers. Substitute snaps or zippers for buttons. Keep in mind that if you alter a familiar routine or method, the person with dementia may have difficulty learning something new, so try to follow  the same routine and use familiar fasteners for   as long as possible. †¢ Make sure the person has comfortable, sturdy non-slip shoe EATING AND DRINKING †¢ Dementia may lead to changes in eating or drinking (e.g. eating more or less) because those affected by it may not be able to prepare meals, remember to eat or drink, remember when they last ate, know or be able to say that they are hungry or thirsty, or smell and taste in the same way they did before. †¢ A person with dementia may not be able to initiate the task of eating, but if a spoon is placed in his or her hand, he or she may begin to eat. †¢ It may become more difficult for the person with dementia to swallow foods and liquids safely as dementia progresses. †¢ A person with dementia may refuse to eat or drink because of physical or emotional conditions at the end of life. . Help the person eat and drink what he or she likes, and provide food that meets dietary needs to promote health and safety. †¢ Help to make mealtimes pleasant and enjoyable; involve family when the person and family are amenable. Falls Falling is accidentally coming into contact with the ground or another surface, like a table. Falls may occur with or without injury and often result from a loss of balance. †¢ People with dementia have a greater risk of falling because they can have problems seeing, thinking, moving, and balancing. †¢ The cause of falls can be related to the person’s abilities or home environment. †¢ Personal risks include: history of falls, depression, vision problems, muscle weakness, fear of falling, multiple medications, being tired, blood pressure problems, incontinence, and being unable to move or having difficulty with movement. Environmental risks can include: †¢Confusing environment and clutter †¢Slippery footwear †¢Unsafe equipment †¢Lack of stable furniture or handrails †¢Surfaces (e.g. floor, stairs, or ground) that are uneven, slippery or have glare †¢Poor lighting, especially at night †¢ Weather conditions that may result in slippery surfaces, or heat exhaustion †¢Rugs and door mats Encourage safety and maintain a person’s ability to move within a living space by decreasing the risk of falls and related injuries. Encourage daily exercise to increase or maintain physical strength. Wandering Wandering describes the behavior of people with dementia who move about in ways that may appear pointless but often have purpose. Wandering, like all behavioral symptoms of dementia, happens for understandable reasons. It may occur as a result of an unmet need for social interaction or friendship, a noisy environment, pain or distress, boredom or other causes. Wandering is not necessarily a behavior that must be stopped. Wandering can help a person remain physically fit and in a better mood. It can help a  person sleep better at night. Wandering can be dangerous when a person leaves home alone or goes into unsafe areas. Physical problems, such as injuries, health risks agitation, or death Wandering may happen because of many things that the person with dementia cannot express, including: †¢ A need for food, fluids, exercise or the toilet †¢ Pain, a need to urinate, constipation, infection or medication effects †¢ A need for security or friendship †¢ Depression, anxiety, delusions or hallucinations HOW CAN WE BE OF HELP Help a person move about safely and independently and understand the difference between safe and unsafe wandering. †¢ Determine each person’s need and ability to move about †¢ Wandering patterns, such as time of day it happens, events or places that cause it †¢Other needs such as hunger, the need to go to the bathroom, or boredom †¢ Mental abilities, especially safety awareness and being impulsive by asking the person where is he/she at the moment, what is he/she doing in that place. †¢Vision and hearing, make sure he wears his hearing aid if applicable or eyeglasses. †¢Ability to move, do they need an aid for mobility like frame or stick. †¢Emotional conditions that may relate to wandering, such as anxiety or depression, or maybe substitute for another activity. †¢Environmental hazards such as poor lighting, throw rugs and uneven floors make sure all the surroundings are clear from having an injury. †¢The person’s footwear and clothing is safe for them, not too tight and not too loose or not too slippery. EVALUATION/ CONCLUSION This studies conducted to date does provide sufficient evidence of care or less costly care with effectiveness for any of the interventions or suggestions made of how can we be of help by knowing early signs and symptoms of dementia and that the carers would be more familiar with these if they have older people at home or relative. Most of this research studies and feed back from the participants, a nursing staff and a health care assistant, the implementations or help suggestions have a very positive effects in regards of the care for people with dementia. Therefore, we believe that most of the complex needs of the people with dementia and their family carers can be met by primary care services as well as community care services. However these services need to be individualized, comprehensive, accessible, flexible and delivered by competent well trained care provider. When we say community care, GP’s are the first point of contact for the individual and family members worried about the signs and symptoms of dementia. We believe that the sooner we identify the problem the sooner we respond to it thus preventing major problems could occur. Inevitably, some people with dementia would be unbearable for the family members, so some people might end up attending acute care or A&E care, or being admitted as in patients to these hospitals. Dementia care hence being implemented by professional and well trained nursing staff or health care assistant. Thus, dementia care is being met in acute setting with extra cost. Or some might end up that the family members could not cope up at home and they are already burdened so older people are being handed over to the care of nursing homes Therefore, the development of a more positive view of older people and old age and the broadening of the view of older life to encompass more than the health needs and the development of the view of responsiveness to needs is the best way forward to look after the elderly. RECOMMENDATIONS In terms of the care for people for dementia, greater levels of resources are needed to augment the availability, accessibility and usefulness of person centred dementia specific services that support the abilities of people with dementia. Specific health and social care are needed or must be revised to counter dementia. Families and carers must be involved in regards of planning and development of dementia. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books, ForestKnolls, CA Feil, Naomi. 1933. The Validation Breakthrough, Simple techniques for Communicating with People with dementia. Planning Guide with Dementia care at home: A reference Tool for Managing Care. Elements of Nursing 1985.