Ielts Preparation Essay

Onam is one of the greatest festivals of INDIA. It is celebrated with Joy and enthusiasm all over the Country by all communities. It is celebrated in the beginning of September. It is a celebration of 10 days. The Legend of ONAM is, It is celebrated to welcome the King Mahabali, whose spirit is said to visit India at the time on ONAM. The story goes that, the beautiful state of Kerala was once ruled by a Demon King , Mahabali. The king was greatly respected in his kingdom and was considered to be wise, judicious and extreamly generous. It is said that Kerala witnessed its golden era in the reign of King Mahabali. Everybody was happy in his kingdom and there was no discrimination on the basis of caste or class. Rich and poor were equally treated. There was neither crime nor corruption. People did not even lock their doors, as there were no thieves in the kingdom, there was no poverty sorrow during his reign and everybody was Happy. Looking at his fame and growing popularity, Gods became jealousy on him, and send him to an unknown world(nether world), Since Mahabali is o attached to the people of India, before send him to the nether world, the God gave him a boon to visit India once in a Year. During his visit India celebrate as ONAM. During the 10 days festival, The government declared as a Public holidays for School and colleges. During the festival; all the families gather together and celebrate. There are various sports loke Snake Boat rice, Elephant race, tug of war etc are celebrated. People bun w dresses, and it is festival of unity and happiness.

Nursing admin

Possible Causes a. In order to Improve the process In dealing with this specific Incident changes must be made to implement a new process in order to better deal with these situations in the future. The first step would be to develop a team that is specifically trained to handle these emergent situations. Each member should have a specific role designated to them to know their specific tasks that should be handled during the emergency response.Once the team is developed, special training should be given to better educate the team members In dealing with these patients. Once each member Is confident In their training and knowing their role, the team will be ready and prepared to handle any future situations. B. To organize a team that would be the first responders for all emergent situations, the team would include a leader, facilitator, recorder, time keeper, and team members. The leaders would be the primary URN and primary physician on the given case.The facilitator of this team wo uld be the ICC nurse. The recorder and time keeper would be the same person being one of the unit staff members, not necessarily a URN but could be the charge nurse or resource nurse. The team member included could be the respiratory therapist who could help assists with necessary task if not preoccupied with a respiratory distress patient. In addition to these team members, I would include a security officer to be present and on standby for these patients that are combative and a possible threat to themselves or others.In this specific case the security team could have helped assist with the patient leaving the scene. C. Unfortunately, the staff Is currently uneducated on how to deal with these types of patients and incidences. This is causing them to have negative attitudes towards the patient's only rather accelerating the behavior of the patients. The staff does not know the correct steps to take in order to diffuse the situation. By not knowing what to do, there is too much lag time creating too much time for the situation to further escalate.Another problem that added to the situation escalating was having no security guards present at the time of Incident, causing opportunity for the patient to escape the hospital and disappear. D. Patient arrived at DE due to possible stroke Admitted with lack of knowledge of cause of symptoms Rapid response due to patient outburst Staff responds with negative attitude and lack of knowledge on how to address Mr†¦ X Mr†¦ X flees the hospital County police find Mr†¦ X at home Mr†¦ X admitted to same acute unit Staff avoids Mr†¦ X e.As stated previously in â€Å"letter a†, to improve the process and decrease the risk of this situation happening again a team should be implemented who is specifically trained in dealing with these situations. The emphasis should be placed on training and education for the staff and team members so this situation of staff not knowing how to respond or deal with this patient, will not happen again. A unit protocol should also be set in place, so that the staff does not have questions regarding how to deal with these patients in the future when this situation reoccurs. AAA.Improvement Plan In order to best be prepared in case this situation should happen again, a plan should be developed and in place so there is no questions as to whom should respond and what tasked should be taken. First there should be a team established and trained to be prepared for these situations. At the first sign of an emergent situation arising, the primary nurse should notify the charge nurse of events are age overhead so the entire team is alerted immediately. All of the members of the team should rapidly respond to the page and report to the location of the incident.Once all assemble the team members should assume their roles, the leaders would be the primary URN and primary physician on the given case. The facilitator of this team would be the ICC nurse. The r ecorder and time keeper would be the same person being one of the unit staff members, not necessarily a URN but could be the charge nurse or resource nurse. The team member included could be the respiratory expiratory distress patient. And the security team should be present and close in proximity.The team leaders should be taking control of the situation by giving verbal orders of steps necessary to diffuse the situation. The respiratory therapist should be taking care of oxygen and breathing treatments if necessary and assisting the team with any other necessary tasks. The unit staff member who is designated as the recorder and time keeper should be taking detailed notes of each task and order that is being carried out. Each team member should be all hands in throughout the entire mime until the situation is diffused or the primary MD orders for the team to discontinue treatment.Since the team has been thoroughly trained, their attitude will be more accepting of the patient and th ey will be proactive with approaching the patient due to the fact that they know which steps to take and skills in handling these patients. Once the situation in diffused and handled, the recorder should chart all the details that occurred during the response and the team should debrief regarding how things were dealt with and improvements that could be made. AAA. Implementation In order to implement this plan, a team must be developed that is specifically trained to handle these emergent situations.Each member should have a specific role better educate the team members in dealing with these patients. The members should be educated in detail regarding the plan and how to carry it out. It should be clear to all individuals on what their specific role is and each task they are responsible to implement. AAA & AS. Plan Measurement & Evaluation of In order to measure and evaluate if the plan would be effective a â€Å"mock† emergency could be staged in order to gage and evaluate h ow the team members react and successfully carry out the process.To be measurable, the response time could be recorded in order to evaluate how long the team takes to respond to the emergency and how long it takes to secure and safely treat the patient. Evaluations on each team member could be done and reviewed in order to make further corrections if necessary. After each emergent situation a debriefing could be held to discuss the outcomes and areas that need to be improved in order to better the process each time. B. Unit Protocol 1). No staff member should approach the patient by themselves, always have second staff member present at all times. ). At first sign of behavioral outburst, call security team in for backup. 3). Call team overhead to alert all members at first signs of emergency, in order to initiate first steps of the developed process. 4). Never attempt to restrain the patient before or during behavioral episode without consulting MD first. 5). Do not risk putting you rself in way of harm of physical danger if patient in combative, allow security team or police office to handle extreme cases of behavioral episodes.

Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FIXING PEA PLANTS (Pisum sativum) ON GROWTH OF CORN (Zea mays)? Introduction Interactions among plant species, particularly negative ones, have been a concern in agriculture (Levene 1926, Russell 1961). Novoa (1981) suggested that it would be advantageous to rotate certain crops by season, grow certain crops together, or avoid growing certain crops on the same land. Observations indicated that some crops require specific types of nutrients in contrast to other crop species, and plants within the Legume Family actually â€Å"fix† nutrients, for example nitrogen, within surrounding soils.Nitrogen is a key plant nutrient, and has been shown to be both increase plant growth and development (Russell 1961), but is often deficient in many western U. S. soils (Novoa 1981). Thus Legumes could provide high community trophic â€Å"service† (Aprison et al. 1954, Hiroshi 2010). The common pea plant (Pisum sativum), a member of the Legume family, and a robust dico t flowering plant (i. e. , an Angiosperm) native to the western U. S. , enjoys a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria (Hiroshi 2010).These bacteria grow inside nodules located on the roots of pea plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NO3-), which is a molecular form the pea plant, and neighboring plants, can use for numerous physiological functions (including production of DNA, proteins, and plant hormones (Russell 1961, Novoa 1981, Hiroshi 2010). It has become a common practice to rotate crops within fields, alternating Legumes with various other plant species to maintain high soil nitrogen levels.Our research was conducted in the BIO170 Lab (107 Lewis Hall, Montana State University [MSU]), and was focused on potential effects of pea plants on the growth and development of corn (Zea mays). Our objective was to vary growth environments, with some plants of different species type grown in close proximity, under the same conditions, and other treatments with single plant species, thus allowing us to address the primary research questions: Will the presence of pea plants, in close proximity to corn, positively affect corn shoot height, root length, shoot mass, and overall seedling growth ate? We formulated the primary research question into the following formal hypotheses: H1: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the height of the corn plants; H2: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the root length of the corn plants; H3: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the shoot mass of the corn plants; and H4: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the seedling growth rates of corn plants. For each stated research hypothesis (i. e. H1 thru H4), the null (H0) hypothesis was: the presence of pea plants growing in close proximity to corn plants will have no effect on the corn plant response variables (i. e. , shoot height, root length, shoot mass, and overall seedling growth rate). The explanatory, or treatment variable, in all cases, was presence or absence of a pea plant within the growth cells of our measurement units (see below). Methods The plant experiments were conducted in Lewis Hall, room 107, on the campus of Montana State University. The lab’s room temperature is typically 65 to 70 degrees F (celsius scale thermometer).We set up our experiment in the NW corner of the lab on the counter. We used three polyurethane growth trays (Carolina Biological Supply Company, Savannah, GA), where each tray contained 36 cells 15cm X 10 cm X 10 cm (depth). Each cell was filled with organic soil to the rim of the cell (soil type: Sunshine Mix; Plant Growth Center, MSU). Each growth tray was divided into two sections, with 18 cells containing two corn plants; and 18 cells each containing one Alaska variety pea plant and one corn plant; for a total of 108 corn plants alone and 54 corn plants grown with pea plants.A ll seeds were also obtained from Carolina Biological Supply Company. The trays were placed under full spectrum UV grow lights (also from Carolina Supply Co. , Model: XPV-230 Lum. ), and received 12 hours of light per day (using a light timer [Home Depot: Model ISZ210/120). We planted seeds at 0. 5 inch depth, and maintained moist (but not â€Å"wet† or muddy) soil for 3 days, or until the onset of germination. We used tap water, with approximately 50 ml per growth cell each morning and evening during germination. After germination, we reduced watering to 50 ml once per day, typically in the late afternoon (to acilitate overnight availability of water per cell and prevent drying). After 10 days, when seedlings were well established, we increased daily water to 100 ml per cell. After 2 weeks of seedling growth, we began measuring the response variables, including height of shoot (soil level to apical tip) using a standard metric ruler, and the Precision Balance (room 106) to me asure mass to the nearest 0. 01 grams. We compared height, and mass using mean values per treatment, including the standard deviation to assess variation. We used percent growth per week as an estimate of growth â€Å"rate†.Roots were washed, and then dried, prior to mass measurement. Results The average shoot height (Fig. 1) of corn grown in close proximity to pea plants, compared to the height of the corn grown alone, indicated that pea plants may have increased the height of neighboring corn. At the end of three weeks, the average height of corn grown with peas was 35. 4 cm, whereas corn plant grown alone reached an average height of approximately 33 cm, which represented a 6. 78% difference between treatments (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Average height of corn plants grown in Lewis Hall Lab 107 (MSU).The upper line was on the graph shows the height of corn grown with peas. The lower line represents the corn grown alone. Figure 2. Shows average root mass (dry weight) of corn in the two treatments, i. e. , with or without the presence of Pea Plants. The average mass of the corn grown with peas was 1. 2 grams while the average mass of the corn alone was 1. 07 grams. This represents a 10. 8% difference between treatments (Fig. 2). Figure 3. Average root length of corn plants between treatments. Our observation result also showed that average root length for corn grown with peas was 11. 5 cm and the length for corn grown alone to be 9. 69 cm, a 16. 8% difference between treatments. Figure 4 shows germination rates for the two treatments, with 37% increase per week for corn grown with peas, slightly higher than the corn grown alone (35. 2%). Table 1 shows the various percent differences between the two treatments, and in each contrast, the values for corn grown with peas was greater than corn grown alone. Discussion Overall, in summarizing our key results, we observed corn grown with peas showed a trend of 6. 78% taller and 10. % heavier than corn grown alone. We also observed the roots of corn grown with peas were on average, 16. 8% longer than the roots of corn grown alone. Finally, we found that the corn grown with peas had a 4. 86% higher germination rate than corn alone. Figure 4. Average germination rate of corn plants estimated between treatments. Table 1. Percent difference between the treatment, showing increases in all variables in treatment with both plants together. Height6. 78% Mass10. 80% Root length16. 80% Germination rate4. 86% Our results, reviewed together (e. . , Table 1), strongly suggested that our ideas concerning facilitation were correct, and supported our research hypotheses that corn grown with peas would be taller, heavier, have longer roots, and have a higher germination rate than corn grown alone. Upon reflection, we believed that it made sense that the corn grown with peas tended to outperform the corn grown alone for the variables we tested, because clearly nitrogen is an essential component of chlorophyll (Tam 1935), amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid (Levine 1926).Since pea plants are nitrogen fixers, their presence increases the amount of usable nitrogen in the soil. Thus, the corn grown with the peas would have had more nitrogen available to it to aid in the production of chlorophyll, amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid, all of which probably aided the corn growth, mass, and also the higher germination rate (percent) that we observed.Furthermore, our results tend to agree with other research findings, for example a study presented at the 2010 World Congress of Soil Science found that corn rotated with soy, also a nitrogen fixer (Aprison 1954), tended to grow taller and have higher yields than corn rotated with corn (Yin 2010). Another study found that along with the correct row spacing and plant density, corn plants grew best when given moderate levels of nitrogen (Cox 2000).Further, a study done in Europe noted that nitrogen deficiency in plants tended to inhibit plant growth and rate s of photosynthesis (Zhao 2005, Bradshaw et. al 2010, Cox et al. 2010). The positive effects nitrogen has on plants are well documented and have been studied for decades, but we think our replications of pea plant facilitated growth were well worth the efforts, and also allowed us to see first-hand, how experiments can be powerful tools for learning and for confirmation of research ideas.It is well known by both plant scientists and amateur backyard gardeners that plants need nitrogen to grow to their full potential, so perhaps our work offered little new information, but it was still quite fascinating to conduct the research, learn the steps of the scientific process, and apply them ourselves, rather than simply read about experimentation. Those wishing to grow corn, or other important, or popular house plants, might use our outcomes to enhance growth production of desired species. Literature Cited Aprison, M. H. , W. E. Magee, and R. H. Burris. 954. â€Å"Nitrogen Fixitation by E xcised Soybean Root Nodules. † Journal of Biological Chemistry 208 (1954): 29-39. Bradshaw, A. D. , M. J. Chadwick, D. Jowett, and R. W. Snaydon. 1964. â€Å"Experimental Investigations into the Mineral Nutrition of Several Grass Species: IV. NitrogenLevel. † Journal of Ecology 52. 3 (1964): 665-76. Cox, William J. , and Debbie J. R. Cherney. â€Å"Row Spacing, Plant Density, and Nitrogen Effects on Corn Silage. † 2000. Argonomy Journal 93. 3: 597-602. Kunstman, James L. , and E. Paul Lichtenstein. â€Å"Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies in CornPlants on the in Vivo and in Vitro Metabolism of [14C]diazinon. † Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27. 4 (1979): 770-74. Levine, P. A. â€Å"On the Nitrogenous Components of Yeast Nucleic Acid. † Journal of Biological Chemistry 67 (1926): 325-27. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Novoa, R. , and R. S. Loomis. â€Å"Nitrogen and Plant Production. † Plant and Soil 58 (1981): 177-204. Russell, Edward J. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. 8th ed. [London]: Longmans, 1961. Open Library. Tam, R. K. , and O. C. Magistad. 1935. â€Å"Relationship Between Nitrogen Fertilization And Related post: Disadvantages of Plants Living on LandChlorophyll Content In Pineapple Plants. † Plant Physiology 10. 1 (1935): 159-68. Yin, Xinhua, Angela McClure, and Don Tyler. 2010. â€Å"Relationships of Plant Height and Canopy NDVI with Nitrogen Nutrition and. † Lecture. World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane. 1-6 Aug. 2010. International Union of Soil Sciences. Zhao, D. , K. Reddy, V. Kakani, and V. Reddy. 2005. â€Å"Nitrogen Deficiency Effects on Plant Growth, Leaf Photosynthesis, and Hyperspectral Reflectance Properties of Sorghum. † European Journal of Agronomy 22. 4 (2005): 391-403.

Educational services PEI ( prince Edward Island) Essay

Educational services PEI ( prince Edward Island) - Essay Example It accounts around 78% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The largest employer amongst all the sectors is the retail sector of Canada, then health care and the education are the two largest service sectors of Canada and both are operated and fall under the concern of the Canadian government. Then are the business services that employee a little percentage of people. Business services include financial services, the communication industry and real estate services. Other than these there is a tourism industry focusing on increasing the tourism and tourists, entertainment industry which works for meeting both the domestic and foreign demands and the high tech industry. (Internation Monetary Fund (IMF), 2012) Amongst all the sub sectors of the services sector, ‘educational services’ is selected for this paper. The educational sector of the Canada plays an important role in building the knowledge skills and capabilities of the Canadian labor. According to the NAICS (61) educational services in the Canada comprises of the establishments that provide the Canadian economy with the training and instructions in the wide variety of the subjects. All the instructions and trainings to the seekers are provided by the specialized establishments that are the schools, colleges, universities and further training centers. These establishments can be privately owned that are either operated for profits or non profits or they might be public owned and operated establishments. These establishments along with the instructions and trainings offer food and the accommodation services to their students. Educational services to the students are provided by the teachers. Teachers, tell, explain, supervise, demonstrate and direct learning of their students. The instructions are communicated to the students through diverse settings that include the educational institutions, television, work place and home through the correspondence. Further, it c ould

Websites Comparison Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Websites Comparison - Coursework Example The two websites have the different secondary audience. The secondary audience for the WebMD is patients of sick people or people carrying out research on medical subjects. Students studying medicine can use the information for studies. The secondary audience for Nationals Institutes of Health is the learning institution, NGO’s and government agencies. In order to provide medical help to the community NGO’s can use the information to identify the health institution available. The government can also monitor the health program available in order to make an improvement. The two websites use connection strategies to deliver the information to the primary audience. WebMD uses a connection from Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. People can share the information on the website to those social media platform and increase audience. National Institutes of Health uses You Tube, Facebook, Twitter and email updates connections. The subscribers are updates through email on daily basi s. Some of the jargons in WebMD include prodigy, sclerosis facts, schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Those jargons are used to explain different body complication. National Institutes of Health web has more scientific jargons and experiments that are technical. The images in the website include images of practical being carried out in a scientific lab. An average sentence length in the WebMD website is ten words and a paragraph is seven to eight sentences. Each paragraph is composed of different information.

Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jazz - Essay Example In 1944 Davis was privy to observe the performance of a band comprised of jazz great, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. These two were creators of the then new bebop style of jazz known for its ‘fast’ and ‘dynamic rhythm variations’ (all.about.jazz 2009). Interestingly, Davis style was in direct contrast to this fast pace it was considered to be cool. It was so cool that his first recording which was initiated by him was called ‘Birth of the Cool’. This album would later be abducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame. In an attempt to emulate Parker and Gillespie Davis began a program of study in the Institute of Musical Art in New York City now known as Julliard in 1944. However, by 1945 he was requested to be a guest player at one of Parker’s show and so ended his study at Julliard’s. He became a full-time jazz musician. For the next three years Davis joined bands of the like of Benny Carter, Eckstine and Parker. During these years he made several recordings as a sideman. In 1948 Davis established his own band and eventually signed with Capitol Records. Subsequent to his signing with Capitol for several years Davis’ success was hindered by his use of heroin. Fortunately Davis was able to overcome this drug addiction and landed a contract with Columbia Records. Following his heroin years Davis went on to gain nine Grammy Awards and several other Grammy Nominations. One of his most famous recordings was in 1959 ‘Kind of Blue’ which sold more than ‘two million copies, a phenomenal success for a jazz record’ (all.about.jazz 2009). With albums like ‘Someday My Prince Will Come’, ‘Quiet Nights’, ‘Miles Davis in Europe’ and ‘Bitches Brew’ to name a few earned Davis these awards. His final Grammy in 1993 was a Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance for Miles and Quincy Live at Monteux. Clearly, Miles Davis was a legend in his own right. He created a new form of jazz which

Antibiotic Resistance in Anaerobic Bacteria Essay - 1

Antibiotic Resistance in Anaerobic Bacteria - Essay Example Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non†lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant. Here is a hypothetical illustration. Mr. X. has a sore throat. He buys some penicillin and gives himself, not enough to kill the streptococci but enough to educate them to resist penicillin. He then infects his wife. Mrs. X gets pneumonia and is treated with penicillin. As the streptococci are now resistant to penicillin the treatment fails. Mrs. X dies. Who is primarily responsible for Mrs. X’s death?† (Fleming, p88). It is not only the irrational use of the drugs that cause antibiotic resistance but there are reports of the naturally occurring resistance. According to an experiment conducted by Joshua and Esther Lederberg in 1952, penicillin-resistant strains of bacteria developed much more before the start of penicillin in medicinal practices. Joshua Lederberg and his student Zinder also demonstrated t he pre-existence of Streptomycin resistance strains (Nelson, p 294). The major antibiotic-resistant pathogen associated with nosocomial infection is Staphylococcus aureus. It was one of the earlier organisms to develop penicillin resistance. Methicilin was then used against the resistant strains but in the year 1961MRSA (Methycillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) was detected in Britain. It was reported that there was an increase in the number of fatal cases of sepsis from 4% in 1991 to 37% in 1999 in the UK due to MRSA. By the 1980s MRSA had spread and become quite common in US hospitals and along with resistance to Methicillin. There was a steady increase in oxacillin (Methycillin) resistant S. aureus in U.S. hospitals in the year 1997 which increased to 26.2%. ( Pfaller et al,p1886). Most of these Staphylococcus aureus also showed resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin.

The Disabled and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Disabled and Society - Essay Example Furthermore, people with disabilities are sometimes neglected by family members and friends and finally in instances where these people seek power, they are not given an ear and this demoralizes them. In order for someone to prove that they have a disability, they must be in a position to prove that they have that impairment. Secondly, they must show how it hinders them in performing day-to-day activities. Finally, the person must prove that this impairment brings lasting and lifelong effects on their capabilities to handle their daily routines. It is defined, under the act, that a long-term impairment is one which has at least lasted for 12 months. Furthermore, in case one has a long-term ill health disability, like HIV, they are supposed to prove using medical pieces of evidence. The perspective of the medical mode towards the disables is that the hardship undergone by disabled people is inborn and they should struggle to ensure that they improve in order to live in harmony with other people3. The problem with this model is that it tends to see disabled people as liabilities to others and people who in one way or the other cannot do much without assistance. An obese person is a person who body has accumulated too many fats. Medically, a person with a more than 30 BMI is obese and in extreme cases a BMI of 40. According to the court ruling, obesity is a disability to a certain degree4. It is important to understand that obesity is not a disability. This is because, some people, who are obese, are living a good life. They have been employed and are not undergoing any challenge as far as obesity is concerned. However, obesity becomes a disability when it has shortcomings that can hinder the person from doing certain things. Secondly, it becomes a disability when it facilitates the occurrence of other impairments like skeletal and respiratory issues. People suffering from obese related problems are considered to be disabled.

(Annotated Bibligraphy) Finding 10 acadamic secondary sources and Essay

(Annotated Bibligraphy) Finding 10 acadamic secondary sources and writing a brief description(each 3 sentences) - Essay Example Harris, Leonard. "Cosmopolitanism and the African Renaissance: Pixley I. Seme and Alain L. Locke." International Journal of African Renaissance Studies 4.2 (2009): 181-192. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. This academic journal article discusses the relationship between key actors in the Harlem Renaissance and the foundation of the Civil Rights Movement. The author suggests that the relationship between Seme (African National Congress) and Alain Locke helped fuel Lock’s writings that initiated the â€Å"New Negro Movement† and the Harlem Renaissance. This article gives new perspectives on the black rights movements discussed by Howard Zinn. This review analyzes the poem "Harlem Shadows" by Claude McKay. It discusses the conflict between Mckay’s British-based and formal writing styles with his role in the Harlem Renaissance. The article argues, as did McKay himself, that his mastery writing only allowed greater freedom to express his views and did not detract from his position of black oppression. By also discussing the structural component of his work, this review provides great in-depth information on the poem and the poet. This is a scholarly article dealing with the structure of social movements with particular attention to the Civil Rights Movement. The author argues that social movements are, at root, culture production agents and always produce new cultural forms in the course of struggle. In this sense, the new cultural form was a foundation for equality. The author describes seven components of social movements to help better understand the social implications of the Civil Rights Movement. This article takes the historical basis of the Civil Rights movement covered in Zinn’s â€Å"Or Does it Explode† and puts it into a modern perspective. It was written for the NAACP as an analysis of how well the Civil Rights movement worked and its influence in today’s world. It describes the long process

Masters Entry Diploma in Management - Independent Study Essay

Masters Entry Diploma in Management - Independent Study - Essay Example Descriptive and inferential statistical measures were used in the treatment of the data gathered. Hypotheses were tested using two-tailed analysis and a significance level of 0.05. Findings of the study revealed that the respondents were equally represented in terms of gender and age. The virtual teams representing more than a hundred store locations within the UK functions effectively to some extent. There were no significant differences in their team effectiveness when the respondents are grouped by geographical location, gender, age and department represented. The study also revealed that organisational culture has not fully embraced or harnessed change to support its goals. Communication among the team is adequate to some extent. No significant differences were noted in the respondents’ assessment of their culture and adequacy of communication when the respondents were grouped by geographical location. The study also demonstrated no significant association between team eff ectiveness and the factors organisational culture and communication. ... Introduction 1 2.0. Critical Review of the Relevant Literature 5 2.1. Objectives of the Critical Literature Review 5 2.2. Related Literature 5 2.3. Related Studies 8 3.0. Research Design 10 3.1. Research Method 10 3.2. Sampling Design 10 Determination of the sample size for this study was computed using random sampling methodology. From a total workforce of 33,000, the sample size was computed using a randomised Web-based sample size calculator (Raosoft, 2004). The parameters used in the calculation were: (1) margin of error, 5%; (2) confidence level, 95%; (3) population size, 33,000; and (4) response distribution, 50%. As shown in Appendix 1, the minimum required sample size is 380. This number was, however, increased by 15% to cover for contingency in case of unretrieved questionnaires, incompletely answered questionnaires (10 or more items), invalid questionnaires (one or more parts totally unanswered). Hence, the actual size of the study sample is 437. 11 To assure representative ness in the selection of respondents for study, the random number generator of Microsoft Excel (2003) was utilized. Three worksheets were used, one each for the three UK regions. In worksheet 1, the store locations In England were inputted as columns alternated with blank columns. Under each store location column, the email addresses of the respondents are inputted in no particular order. On the blank space to the right of each email address, random numbers in the range from 1 to 500 are assigned in each of the 138 blank columns. The random numbers generated in the blank columns will each be sorted from highest to lowest. The email addresses corresponding to the highest three or four random numbers will be included in the list of respondents of the study. Larger stores in each

Emily dickinsons nature poems Essay Example for Free

Emily dickinsons nature poems Essay Emily Dickinsons use of nature imagery in her poetry incorporates elements of both romanticism and realism. These usually contrasting visions allow Dickinson to express a duplicity of perception, a duplicity which can be considered as a part of nature itself, as expressed through human consciousness. Although the overall impact of Dickinsons nature imagery is romantic and reveals perception of nature as a mode of transcendence, the imagery and diction of Dickinsons poems also establish a convincing realist tone, which separates her work from strictly transcendentalist nature-poets such as Emerson or Thoreau. It is not difficult to pinpoint individual poems by Dickinson where nature emerges as an obvious transcendent force. Her poem #214 I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (Perkins, 990) utilizes an obvious metaphorical dynamic: the speaker of the poem is drunk on elements of nature: Inebriate of Air am I / And Debauchee of Dew (Perkins, 990) and the exuberance of the speaker is meant to be both humorous and extreme. The poem strikes a comic tone, due to Dickinsons belief that the comic or humorous is no less serious than the tragic (Eberwein 150) and in her mind, the depths of human existence could never be climbed, would never be plumbed, without a humorous attenuation to the world (Eberwein 150). The humor in poem #214 is meant to emerge from the irony of a speaker blatantly celebrating their drunkeness. Despite the poems comical overtones, the theme of the poem is, in fact, quite serious. The poems theme is that nature is a gate through which ecstacy is reached. The true irony of the poem is that liquor is superfluous to true ecstacy; all that is needed is nature itself. In this way, Dickinson is casting a criticism on her societys reliance on artificial stimulants. Nature will endure where actual liquor runs dry: When `Landlords` turn the drunken Bee/Out of the Foxgloves door /When Butterflies renounce their `drams` / I shall but drink the more! (Perkins, 990) The seriousness of the poems theme is in the implied isolation of the speaker, who is acknowledged only by the Seraphs and Saints (Perkins, 990) who watch the little Tippler / Leaning against the Sun - (Perkins, 990). It is impossible to escape the feeling that Leaning against the Sun (Perkins, 990) is a dangerous position even fro an ecstatic poet; so while the poem demonstrates transcendence, it also expresses isolation and alienation. By contrast, Dickinsons poem # 328, A Bird came down the Walk (Perkins, 995) begins with a sense of alienation and rigid realistic description and opens toward the end to a transcendentalist vision of nature. The beginning line describe how a bid hopped on the speakers walk and bit an Angleworm in halves (Perkins, 995). The poets observation that the bird ate the fellow, raw, (Perkins, 995) suggests anything but a transcendental vision of nature. rather, the scene evokes a stark, biologically precise depiction of natural processes. Nevertheless, a duplicity of perception is hinted at in the following lines And then he drank a Dew /From a convenient Grass / And then hopped sidewise to the Wall/ To let a Beetle pass (Perkins, 995) where the previously predatory scene gives way to one of civility and calm. The duplicity of perception is extended by the phrase Like one in danger, Cautious (Perkins, 995) which may modify either the preceding He stirred his Velvet Head or the following I offered him a Crumb, hence either the bird or the speaker or both (Eberwein 85) and, as such, admits an ambiguity into the poems diction which is foreshadowed by the imagery. This ambiguity is not quite resolved, but merely turned toward an image of transcendent nature in the poems closing lines: Too silver for a seam /Or Butterflies, off Banks of Noon/ Leap, plashless as they swim (Perkins, 995). Whereas poem #214 began with a blatant expression of intoxicated transcendence and ended with an ambiguity of isolation and alienation, poem # 328 begins with a sense of alienation and even violence,but resolves in a harmonious, transcendental uplift of diction and imagery. Obviously, Dickinson aim in her poetry was to represent the duality of human perception and the duality of the natural world which can be resolved in aesthetic expression, but not by methods based solely on rationalism or realism. Works Cited Eberwein, Jane Donahue, ed. An Emily Dickinson Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. Perkins, George; Perkins, Barbara. The American Tradition in Literature 11th Edition 2007

Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Early Childhood Education Essay The access to a high-quality education has become a major issue for many developing school districts in the United States; more importantly, access to a high-quality early childhood education is even further limited to many families not just because of a lack of access, but because of a lack of resources in the United States public school system. Currently, early childhood education is not available for every student in the country and is not universally supported, but developing research around these young students has proven that an early childhood education will contribute to higher graduation percentages, reduced crime rates, higher  annual salaries, and an 8:1 return on economic dollar investment throughout their lifetime—thus producing high-quality citizens. Because of this, optional early childhood education programs should be funded at both the state and federal level and universally supported. Most often, early childhood education is targeted at three to five-year old children before entering elementary school, but many research studies and programs will identify early childhood care and education just as important for this age group as it is for children up to eight years of age. Programs for these children can be either school-based or center-based in urban or  rural areas (Early Education for All 2011). Each year between birth and the age of eight marks a time of exponential brain growth and helps to lay the foundation for subsequent learning and development. Since these years are marked by remarkable brain growth, early childhood is the prime age period for children to receive a quality education (National Education Association ! ROIGER! 2! 2014). It seems as if it is almost clear-cut, a quality early childhood education should be available to all children of the United States in order to help build future societal contributors. Spodek and Saracho’s book, Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children, reaches beyond its title and touches on the theory and practice of early childhood education. The authors define these three areas as independent pieces in society’s perspectives, but interrelated in reality. Throughout history, early childhood education has been practiced for much longer than it has been researched. Until the last 50 years, when early childhood education became a hot topic in many funding debates, not a lot of researchers had initiated any studies. As early  childhood education development became more popular as a result of developmental psychology interest, Spodek and Saracho started to identify the chain of steps in expanding early childhood education in the United States and investment resources to train educators (Spodek and Saracho 2006). A major concern of early childhood education experts in the United States is the lack of funding, support, and resources available to allow these childcare programs to inhibit growth. In the past few months, funding has been difficult to obtain because of sequester cuts in federal  government funding, but it has been even more difficult to obtain state funding because of the lack of ability to borrow money at the state level or find new revenue. The support for early childhood education is currently limited because of the scarce information known to the public about this issue. Early childhood education is in fact a very bipartisan issue, despite more initiatives from liberal individuals to make these programs a reality. The trouble with supporting early childhood education programs is that most constituents are unaware of the impact it really  has on our society. ! ROIGER! 3! W. Steven Barnett of Rutgers University Center for Early Education explains early childhood education from his expertise in chapter one of School Reform Proposals: The Research Evidence. Children involved in the studies within the first chapter had a disadvantage compared to average students and were more likely to repeat a grade or fail a class. Research from the Child Parent Centers in Chicago sampled 1,500 children ages three to nine with extended elementary programs; the results that came back were more than reassuring. Students  who participated in the program were less likely to be placed in special education, repeat a grade level, or be placed under juvenile arrest. Additionally, these students placed higher on reading and math placement tests, and they also had a higher graduation rate compared to the other test groups. The research documented that achievement gaps were even better for this group if students were from high-poverty neighborhoods. Barnett supports early childhood education expanding to optional everyday schooling before kindergarten, and documents positive effects on a child’s long-term social and economic development. (Molnar and Barnett 2002). Soni Sangha, classified as a middle-class family member of New York City, wrote for a column in the New York Times about her struggles finding affordable access and availability to a public preschool program for her firstborn child. Sangha isn’t alone; several families are being rejected to a public school early childhood education because of lack of resources to educate all children in the state of New York. These families are being forced in a co-op early childhood education, which involves the active participation of parents providing facilities and materials to  a group of children at the lowest maintainable cost possible (Sangha 2011). While this method of education is certainly beneficial and better than no education at all for young children, Barnett’s optimal early childhood recommendations include trained professionals with bachelor degrees in the field educating these youth (Molnar and Barnett 2011). However, because Sangha’s family ! ROIGER! 4! didn’t have access to a public early education program, they had to settle for less than what they were hoping for. Art Rolnick is the senior fellow and co-director of the Human Capital Research  Collaborative in the University of Minnesotas Humphrey School of Public Affairs, as well as the former director of research at the Federal Reserve Bank in Minneapolis. Rolnick began his work in early childhood education almost on accident; he was recruited reluctantly to sit on the board for an early childhood organization known as Ready4K. Rolnick immediately saw the benefits of this early education, not just psychologically but also logistically (Schmickle 2012). As expert economists, fellow colleague Rob Grunewald and Rolnick discovered that high quality education  for disadvantaged young children created a 16% economic output with inflation-adjusted rates (Rolnick and Grunewald 2003). The facts played out over not just one longitudinal study but four longitudinal studies. Every study came back with consistent results: early childhood education is an unbeatable source of public investment. The capstone of these studies, known as the Perry Preschool study, found that every dollar invested in one particular underprivileged preschool program yielded over eight dollars in return. The same study again found lower arrests, higher  salary earnings, more graduations, and overall better learning achievements across the education system throughout elementary and secondary schooling (HighScope 2005). Early childhood education can make a significant impact almost right after birth if a particular individual demands it. For example, a CBS Denver newspaper highlighted Elle, who was a normal baby. However, once she turned 1 ? years old, she started to need more books, games, attention, and interaction. Her parents made a guilty decision of signing her up for two days of school each week even though she had the rest of her life to go to school. After several weeks in the program, the parents felt no remorse as Elle started to thrive in her classroom. Elle’s ! ROIGER! 5! parents later even described it as one of the best things they could have possibly done for Elle (CBS Denver 2013). This Denver toddler proved that early education could make an impact at the speed of which the brain develops, and the solution is to make sure every family has access to this training and development of children. Another concern that has recently been on the rise in early childhood education is retaining individuals to work in these childcare programs. Like any other teacher or care worker, low salaries don’t help to pay potential student loan payments among a host of other financial contributions. According to the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development, pre-school teachers earn an average of $15. 74 per hour and childcare workers receive about $10. 50 per hour. Even bank tellers and janitors earn more money on average per hour than a childcare worker at $11. 91 and $11. 65, respectively. Because pay is low, demand is high. There are 28,422 childcare workers just in Minnesota and that number is expect to increase  by nearly 25% in the next decade (Regan 2013). Because of this demand, trained childcare workers and educators are needed in addition to financial support to make early childhood education a public reality for any family who wishes to enroll. Early childhood education is a growing trend in our society, and the access to it has become a growing issue. Funding is the best solution to this issue, but reform may also help play a major role in the future. Other states, for example, have started to allocate resources differently in their early learning programs. In 2005, Maryland appointed a director of early learning, whose  job was to clean up Marylands current early childhood education program and create sound efficiency. As a result of the appointed director, Maryland has helped 20,000 more children become ready for the first day of school (Maryland Department of Education 2014). The White House currently has many programs that focus on engagement of early learning, but the state of ! ROIGER! 6! Minnesota does not have many well-known programs that are specifically targeted for early learners. One of these programs through the White House is Race To The Top: Early Learning  Challenge, which allocates funds to states who are preparing their children for kindergarten more readily. Another very well known federal government early learning program is Head Start. Head Start programs give needy children the opportunity of receiving an early learning education. However, the program does not expand to every single need child in America, which creates many difficulties for all of the children who are in need of an early childhood education. Currently, the President is looking for ways to expand Head Start to more families in America. In  a time of economic crisis, the best way to deal with this problem from Head Start is through more funds. Both the Early Learning Challenge and Head Start have links at the state government level, but are largely projects of the national government. Minnesota needs to create a successful early childhood education environment in our state, and here is how we are going to do it. Experts recommend that the federal government quadruples funding for Early Head Start programs and maintain the level of funding on a yearly basis (Kagan and Reid 2009). There is no doubt that these programs cannot pay for themselves,  so the funds have to come from an alternative source besides the federal government. Minnesota’s cigarette tax recently increased from $1. 23 to $2. 83 per pack, and while this is one of the leading tobacco taxes in the country, it should be increased even further to total a tax of $3. 00 per pack. If the revenue from this increase were to be proportional to that of the most recent tax increase, the state would raise $223 million to invest into early childhood education programs (Hammersley 2013). ! ROIGER! 7! Even this simple solution would be an incredibly large increase in early childhood  education and childcare funding compared to the Ohio legislature, which passed measures of $30 million in additional funding for this fiscal year as a result of 2,100 child slots cut along with 307 staff jobs across the state due to sequestration. According to Gayle Kelly, executive director of the Minnesota Head Start Association, Minnesota will have 760 childcare positions in Head Start cut itself (Pew 2013). Imagine how $223 million in revenue from tobacco taxes could impact those 760 children, in addition to several thousand more. An additional opportunity to access funding for early childhood education programs is  putting the issue on a priority list compared to professional sports stadium construction and evaluating the best source of funding. This is one way that the public perception of early education programs might change and allow research to be initiated. Often times, the construction of huge entertainment attractions is viewed as an investment in economic development. However, early childhood education and childcare programs are also an economic investment. Because of one dollar invested into the program, eight dollars is turned back into the economy. This results from a higher standard of living due to a better job and a better  environment to grow up in compared to someone who might grow up in poverty. Not only are they an economic investment, but society also receives a social investment that entertainment complexes cannot reach. Early childhood educates builds better human beings by reducing crime rates, raising educational capacities, and preparing children to be future career workers. Early childhood education programs are very beneficial to our country. They are important because they contribute to the growth of well-rounded citizens who have active engagement in social, economical, and political engagements. The federal government has implemented programs, but they are also needed at the local and state level to have a larger ! ROIGER! 8! impact on these young children. Implementation of these programs, such as that of the Maryland coordinator, would help create an efficient early childhood education learning environment in Minnesota. Early childhood education is important because it fosters growth from birth until the age of eight years old, which is when 90% of the brain’s learning is developed. If children are to learn anything in their life, they must start to learn at the beginning of their lifetime. One child  from an early childhood education program could end up being soccer mom of the year in Manhattan or the first female president of the United State—but that will only happen if there is funding to help that child unlock her potential. ! ROIGER! 9! Works Cited Early Childhood Education. Salaries. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www. earlychildhoodeducation. com/salaries/. Early Childhood Education. CBS Denver. N. p. , 4 Mar. 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. http://denver. cbslocal. com/2013/03/04/early-childhood-education/. Early Childhood Initiatives. Improving School Readiness ~ Ensure Success ~ Instruction ~ School Improvement in Maryland. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. http://mdk12. org/instruction/ensure/readiness/. Early Education for All. What is Early Childhood Education?. Education. com. N. p. , 20 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. http://www. education. com/reference/article/Ref_What_Early_Childhood/. Hammersley, Phillip. Minnesota: Higher Income and Cigarette Tax Making It the Land of 10,000 Taxes?. Tax Foundation. N. p. , 3 July 2013. Web. 6 May 2014. http://taxfoundation. org/blog/minnesota-higher-income-and-cigarette-tax-making-it- land-10000-taxes. Kagan, Sharon Lynn, and Jeanne L.Reid. Invest in Early Childhood Education. The Phi Delta Kappan 90. 8 (2009): 572-576. Print. Molnar, Alex, and W. Steven Barnett. Early Childhood Education. School Reform Proposals: The Research Evidence. Greenwich, Conn. : Information Age Publication, 2002. 1-26. Print. Perry Preschool Study. HighScope. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 May 2014. http://www. highscope. org/content. asp? contentid=219. Pew, Adrienne Lu. Head Start Hit with Worst Cuts in its History. USA Today. N. p. , 20 Aug. ! ROIGER! 10! 2013. Web. 6 May 2014. http://www. usatoday. com/story/news/nation/2013/08/19/stateline-head-start/2671309/. Regan, Sheila. Paying Early Childhood Educators What They Are Worth. Twin Cities Daily Planet. N. p. , 1 Mar. 2013. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www. tcdailyplanet. net/news/2013/02/27/paying-child-care-workers-and-pre-k- teachers-what-they-are-worth. Rolnick, Arthur J. , and Rob Grunewald. Early Childhood Development: Economic Development with a High Public Return. The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. N. p. , 1 Mar. 2003. Web. 6 May 2014. http://www. minneapolisfed. org/publications_papers/pub_display. cfm? id=3832. Sangha, Soni. The Pre-K Underground. The New York Times. N. p. , 17 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. http://www. nytimes. com/2011/12/18/nyregion/underground-pre-k-groups- often-illegal-abound-in-new-york. html? pagewanted=all_r=1. Schmickle, Sharon. Making the Case for Early Ed, Art Rolnick Has Had Enormous Impact. MinnPost. N. p. , 16 Apr. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. http://www. minnpost. com/driving- change/2012/04/making-case-early-ed-art-rolnick-has-had-enormous-impact. Spodek, Bernard, and Olivia Saracho. Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children. 1982. Reprint. Mahwah, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006. Print.

Fuzzy Logic Control of a Mobile Robot

Fuzzy Logic Control of a Mobile Robot Abstract In this report the development of mobile robot using fuzzy inference system is presented. The mobile robot has three inputs and two outputs. The three inputs are proximity measures of the wall and the two outputs are turning rate and speed of the mobile robot. The mobile robot is developed to follow the tracking path and avoid collision with the obstacle. Contents Overview and Introduction Input and Output ranges Appendix Construction and performance of the rules MATLAB code for control task Critical evaluation Overview In the beginning of the development of the mobile robot, the virtual robot must be used for the development hence kiks robot is considered. The fuzzy inference system is designed by using MATLAB and implemented on a robot which is kiks robot. The kiks robot is setup by installing the kiks software and the related files are extracted and executed on MATLAB. Then the FIS is designed by coding and deciding the inputs and outputs for the kiks. The turning rate and speed of the robot is defined as per the rules of the parameters for robot movement and to avoid collision with the obstacles. The steps involved are: Defining universe of discourse Deciding the fuzzy sets Define membership functions The fuzzy interference system used is mamdani FIS which involves Fuzzification of input variables Rule evaluation Aggregation of rule output DE fuzzification Introduction The fuzzy control systems are rule based or knowledge based system which contains collection of IF-THEN rules. The advantage of fuzzy system is it is wide usage in performing variety of computational and measurements. The advantages of using fuzzy system in navigation system are: Capabilities of handling uncertain and non-precise information. Real time operation Easy combinations and execution of various behaviours. Develop perception based strategies. Better and easy implementation. The construction of fuzzy system depends on two important parameters which are identifying the universe of discourse and defining correct membership function. The reason for using mamdani over sugeno is because it uses fuzzy terms defined by the shape of the membership function. The mamdani type fuzzy system is better to choose for more human like behaviour of the robot which entails a substantial computational burden. The building of the autonomous mobile robot involves few main considerations which are, path tracking, avoidance of the obstacle and behaviour co-ordination. The definition of universe of discourse and membership function and combination of rules are important for smooth movement and better outcome of the robot. Path tracking involves navigation of the desired path which is computed and defined by human operator tracking walls or obstacles. The difficulties of path tracking deals with incomplete perception of environment, inaccurate measurements and sensor fusion. Avoidance of obstacle using fuzzy logic involves avoiding the unforeseen or dynamic obstacles while it tracking a path or moving towards a target. Fuzzy logic for behaviour co-ordination is used to improve the total performance of the navigation system. The infrared sensor with 6 sensors for the forward direction and 2 sensors for the backward direction. In this phase of training robot, I have used 2 sensors for right, 2 for left and 2 for front sensing. The sensor input is noun used slow, fast, medium. The fuzzy variables are adjectives that modify the variable, left right medright slowright slowleft. In the mamdani type of fuzzy system, the fuzzifier performs measuring of the input variables, scale mapping and fuzzification. The number of membership function defines the shapes of the initial inputs defined by the user. It holds a value of 0 and 1 which indicates the degree of belonging of the quantity to a fuzzy set. Input and Output ranges. Input Membership function Input range Left Far, Intermediate, Close [0 21] Front Far, Intermediate, Close [0 21] Right Far, Intermediate, Close [0 21] Output Membership function Output range Turning rate Slowright, slowleft, medright, left, right, front. [0 200] Speed Veryslow, slow, medium, fast, veryfast. [0 200] Input range for a sensor is 10bits and the input value for sensor is 1024, the sensors are grouped into 2 and wherein each one variable defined by 1024(210) i.e. 2048 therefore that divided by 100 is 21, hence the input range is [0 21]. The input is taken left, right, front with 2 sensors each. The membership function for them is defined far, intermediate, close for the robot to sense the obstacle. The outputs are turn and speed, where in turn has membership functions slowright, slowleft, medright, right, left, front for the robot to turn to a direction when the robot is nearing the robot. The range of the speed is considered as [0 200] as the robot movement was meant to be faster compared to when the speed was in the range [0 100] because the robot must cover more distance in less time and better speed. The membership function for speed is taken as slow, veryslow, fast, veryfast, medium as the robot should move in different direction with different speed so that the robot follows th e path and is not disturbed by sudden obstacle. The combination of the membership functions are rules for the robot to follow to follow the path and along with that to avoid obstacles and give smoother movement. Appendix   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1a. Movement of robot in arena1   Ã‚   1b. Monitored simulation of arena1    2a. Movement of robot in arena2    2b. Monitored simulation of arena2. Construction and performance of fuzzy rules. If (left is far) and (front is far) and (right is far) then (turn is medright)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is far) and (front is far) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is front)(speed is medium) (1) If (left is far) and (front is far) and (right is close) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is medium) (1) If (left is far) and (front is intermediate) and (right is far) then (turn is medright)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is far) and (front is intermediate) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is front)(speed is medium) (1) If (left is far) and (front is intermediate) and (right is close) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is far) and (front is close) and (right is far) then (turn is medright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is far) and (front is close) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is far) and (front is close) and (right is close) then (turn is slowright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is far) and (right is far) then (turn is right)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is far) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is front)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is far) and (right is close) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is slow) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is intermediate) and (right is far) then (turn is medright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is intermediate) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is front)(speed is medium) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is intermediate) and (right is close) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is intermediate) and (right is far) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is slow) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is close) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is slowright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is close) and (right is close) then (turn is slowright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is close) and (front is far) and (right is far) then (turn is medright)(speed is slow) (1) If (left is close) and (front is far) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is front)(speed is medium) (1) If (left is close) and (front is far) and (right is close) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is veryfast) (1) If (left is close) and (front is intermediate) and (right is far) then (turn is right)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is close) and (front is intermediate) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is front)(speed is medium) (1) If (left is close) and (front is intermediate) and (right is close) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is medium) (1) If (left is close) and (front is close) and (right is far) then (turn is slowright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is close) and (front is close) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is slowright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is close) and (front is close) and (right is close) then (turn is slowleft)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is far) and (front is far) and (right is far) then (turn is slowright)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is far) and (front is intermediate) and (right is far) then (turn is slowright)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is far) and (front is close) and (right is far) then (turn is slowright)(speed is medium) (1) If (left is far) and (front is close) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is slowright)(speed is slow) (1) If (left is far) and (front is close) and (right is close) then (turn is slowright)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is close) and (right is close) then (turn is slowright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is far) and (right is close) then (turn is slowright)(speed is very_slow) (1) If (left is intermediate) and (front is intermediate) and (right is close) then (turn is slowright)(speed is fast) (1) If (left is close) and (front is far) and (right is far) then (turn is slowright)(speed is far) (1) If (left is close) and (front is intermediate) and (right is intermediate) then (turn is slowright)(speed is far) (1) If (left is close) and (front is close) and (right is close) then (turn is slowright)(speed is slow) (1) If (left is close) and (front is close) and (right is close) then (turn is slowright)(speed is veryfast) (1) MATLAB Code to implement the control task % - %   (c) 2000-2004 Theodor Storm %   http://www.tstorm.se %   Modified by Lily Meng 16th September 2009 % - function FIS_navigate(port,baud,time) % FIS_navigate(port,baud,time) % port = serial port to communicate with (port simulated robot, port>=0 ==> real robot % baud = baud rate % time = time to run behaviour if nargin

History of Fireworks :: Chine Fireworks Explosives Essays

History of Fireworks The birthplace of fireworks is generally recognized as China, with the first explosive mixture found being black powder, during the Sung dynasty ( 960-1279 ). It is said that a cook in ancient china found that a mixture of sulfur, saltpeter, and charcoal was very flammable and would explode if enclosed in a small space. The first application of this technology was for entertainment. The Chinese are still the leader in the production of fireworks. Once the recipe for black powder was perfected, they found that it was easily used as rocket fuel, and they made hand carved wooden rockets in the shape of a dragon, in the sixth century. These rockets shot rocket powered arrows from their mouth, and were used against the Mongol invaders of 1279. The principle behind these rockets is still used in rocket powered fireworks today. Through adventurous explorers, the knowledge of making fireworks spread west, through Arabia in the seventh century. The Arabs called the rockets Chinese arrows. The Mongols are credited with taking Chinese rockets and gunpowder to Europe around 1241. The first record of their use in Europe are around 1258. Until the 19th century, fireworks lacked a major aesthetically essential characteristic: color. Pyrotechnicians began to use a combination of potassium chlorate and various metallic salts to make brilliant colors. The salts of these metals produce the different colors: strontium burns red; copper makes blue; barium glows green; and sodium, yellow. Magnesium, aluminum, and titanium were found to give off white sparkles or a flash. Even though China invented the fireworks, Europe surpassed them in pyrotechnic development in the 14th century, which coincides with the time the gun was invented. Shot and gunpowder for military use was made by skilled tradesmen, later called firemakers, who also made fireworks for peace or victory celebrations. During the Renaissance, two European schools of pyrotechnic thought emerged: one in Italy and the other at Nuremberg, Germany. The Italian school of pyrotechnics emphasized elaborate fireworks, and the German school stressed scientific advancement. Both schools added significantly to further development of pyrotechnics, and by the mid-17th century fireworks were used for entertainment on an unprecedented scale in Europe, being popular even at resorts and public gardens. In the mid-19th century fireworks became popular in the United States. Injuries associated with fireworks, particularly to children, eventually discouraged their unrestricted use. As a result, in many states of the U.

Hitlers Rise To Power :: essays research papers

How Hitler got into Power At the end of the war Germany underwent a rapid political restructuring. Following this transition from authoritarian monarchy to democratic republic, Weimar Germany immediately began to display weaknesses that it would ultimately never fix. Germany had to create a government that the Allies would be prepared to negotiate with, so Hindenburg ordered a government which had the support of the Reichstag. When Kaiser William II fled the country, Germany could still have remained a monarchy, as William's son was eligible for the throne. The Weimar Republic was not based on strong public convictions, which must, in part, explain its weakness. There were many flaws in thew Weimar Republic. Weimar had great problems gaining acceptance throughout Germany, too. The terribly harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles angered Germans, especially the military everywhere and many directed their resentment at the Weimar government who signed the Treaty. Defeat in a large-scale war always signals the beginning of a difficult period for a nation. Following World War I, Germany was virtually crushed by the harsh demands of the Treaty of Versailles. The German economy was weighed down heavily by the enormous reparations bill. Weimar governments struggled to meet the huge reparations payments and their failure to do so was the basis of further problems. One such event was the additional humiliation of the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in 1923. The French took control of the coal mines and factories of the region, so the workers, following a policy of passive resistance, went on strike. The French employed their own men to work the area, whilst the German government committed to paying the wages of the striking workers. This was a very expensive exercise and, on top of that, Germany lost profits from industry in the Ruhr and actually had to spend money importing coal. These massive drains on the German economy caused inflation to soar to incredible levels, paralleling the dramatic drops in the value of the reichsmark. It is true that the Reichsbank printed more and more money to the point where over 44 trillion marks was in circulation. Some historians argue that the Weimar government did this deliberately, to devalue their currency, making it cheaper to pay reparations. The downside of this was that middle and working class Germans lost their savings and the value of their wages. For instance in November 1923, the cost of a loaf of bread in Berlin was about 201 billion marks!

Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby as Commentary on the Failure of Society E

Fitzgerald's Corrupt View of Society in The Great Gatsby       "What people are ashamed of usually makes a good story," was said of Fitzgerald's novel, The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is about the American Society at its worst and the downfall of those who attempt to reach its illusionary goals. The idea is that through wealth and power, one can acquire happiness. To get his happiness Jay Gatsby must reach into the past and relive an old dream. In order to achieve his dream, he must have wealth and power. Fitzgerald was wrong in the way he presented Gatsby's American Society because of the way Gatsby made money, found love, and lived his life.    The way in which Gatsby made money was a despicable practice. Gatsby's bootlegging business made him millions. The time during Prohibition in the 1920's was a opportune time to take advantage of the lack of alcohol and sell it for those who would pay large sums for it. Organized criminals catered to the needs of the drinking public by illegally supplying them with liquor. The book and Fitzgerald didn't reference straight to t...

Diverse Succession Planning

DIVERSE SUCCESSION PLANNING (DSP) INTRODUCTION â€Å"The future of many organizations is likely to depend on their mastery of diverse succession planning given that building bench strength among women and minorities will be critical in the competitive war for talent†. (Charles R. Greer and Meghna Virick, 2008. ) They stressed further: â€Å"Aside from the leadership provided by CEOs and diversity officers, management of diversity should be embraced by the entire leadership team and not perceived as the exclusive domain of the HR function. Cisco System becomes a $12 billion high-technology company with over 47,000 employees in not less than 54 countries of the world due to its strategic management policies and practices among which is diverse succession planning. Cisco puts in place its diversity initiatives and gender Initiatives because of its belief that connection of businesses, people and communities is a business imperative. This simple presentation on diverse succession planning is intended to explain the following points: 1- The concept of diverse succession planning (DSP) 2- The advantages of diverse succession planning – The steps involved in developing a diverse succession plan 4- Conclusion with the comments of some senior diversity leaders. What is Succession planning and diverse succession planning? Simply put, Succession planning is the process of identifying high-potential employees, evaluating and improving their skills and abilities, and preparing them for advancement into positions which are keys to the success of business operations and objectives. Diverse Succession implies incorporation of gender and racial diversity with succession planning by identifying methods for developing women and minorities as successors for key positions. Charles R. Greer and Meghna Virick 2008). Putting together, diverse succession planning is a process of identifying high-potential employees of any age, culture, ethnicity, gender, geographic backg round or sexual orientation, evaluating and improving their skills and abilities, and preparing them for advancement into positions which are keys to the success of business operations and objectives. Workforce diversity† describes the differences, similarities, and unique features that exist in an organization's workforce ue to the mixture of gender, ethnicity, race, national origin, disabilities, veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, religious beliefs and other factors. The advantages of Diverse Succession Planning (DSP) Diverse Succession Planning has the following advantages: * It helps to avoid extended and costly vacancies in key positions and assure the stability of business operations. * It provides meaningful developmental opportunities for both the organization and its employees as it targets key leadership positions at varying levels. It helps to develop a diverse workforce by enabling decision makers to look at the future make-up of the organization as a whole. * It helps to connect business people and communities. * It facilitates better decision making * It helps in anticipating important market changes and be more responsive to customer needs. * It facilitates equal opportunity policy through recruitment, training and promotion process regardless of employees’ race, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religious background and nationality. * It boasts global workforce.The steps involved in developing a diverse succession plan Succession planning involves: * Understanding the organization's long-term goals and objectives. * Identifying the high-potential candidates and their respective developmental needs. * Determining workforce trends and predictions. * Identifying legal and diversity issues to consider. * Establishing present and future leadership roles and objectives. * Selecting key employees. * Evaluating the strengths, weaknesses and readiness for succession in key employees. * Planning for the individua l development of and ways to retain key employees. Identifying â€Å"emergency† positions without successors. * Planning for positions that cannot be filled internally. Going by the recommendations of Greer and Virick (2008) Companies should formalize a commitment to diverse succession planning throughout the organization and viewing it as a broad-based strategic imperative instead of solely a human-resources function. The company must clearly envision diversity as essential to business strategy because of the competitive advantages that follow. Companies should also identify early on the talented individuals who can be developed for advancement.They should design objective standards for performance evaluations. They should also identify and cultivate outstanding mentors They should also allow the chief diversity officer to have direct access to the CEO. They should also Base executive bonuses partly on achieving diversity goals. â€Å"Companies need to reach deep, almost do wn to entry level, for talented women and minorities who can rise to leadership positions. Early identification and development of talent is crucial,† says Dr. Greer. â€Å"Also, identifying skilled mentors and fully utilizing their talents should be a priority.Mentoring has great importance in terms of succession. † Patience and persistence are required, he says. Results can take four or five years, or more. So companies should be ready for a long-term commitment and be willing to work through the risks and challenges. Diversity Succession Planning in Malaysian Context John PG Tan (2009) revealed that most of Malaysian Companies do not engaged in leadership succession planning and implementation and few that engaged in it report low success rates. Companies commonly practice leadership replacement rather than leadership succession.Meanwhile, leadership positions are the key positions upon which rest the success of any organization. Western Companies are flourishing due to incorporation of diversity in to their succession planning. However, in Universiti Utara Malaysia, there has been a kind of diversity succession planning. Some foreigners are being employed as Lecturers in the University. This is also observed in some Universities in Malaysia. This would provide meaningful developmental opportunities for both the organization and its employees as well.It will also give the university an opportunity to pursue more effectively its mission through the participation of a diverse workforce; also there would be enrichment of the dimensions of expanded organizational learning. Observations of some experts in Management An emerging body of empirical evidence (e. g. , Richard, 2000; Wright, Ferris, Hiller, & Kroll, 1995) indicates positive performance effects for diversity, and there are increasing indicators of the strategic importance of diversity to the success of companies.PepsiCo’s previous CEO, Steve Reinemund, has said, â€Å"I believe tha t companies that figure out the diversity challenge first will clearly have a competitive advantage† (Terhune, 2005). A leading insurer, Allstate, also has embraced diversity and sees it as a source of competitive advantage, particularly in terms of expanding the number of minority policyholders (Crockett, 1999). Cosmetics maker L’Oreal attributes its global success in developing and marketing cosmetics to marketing initiatives that have drawn on international diversity (Salz, 2005). Bridge Partners LLC (www. ridgepartnersllc. com) is a retained executive search firm founded by principals with extensive experience and credentials in leadership and senior-level recruitment, both in the US and internationally. Billie Williamson, Partner, Americas Inclusiveness Officer, Ernst & Young: â€Å"We have to ensure the talent is here to begin with, so hiring the right people and making sure they are trained and provided with the right experiences is key †¦ A second thing th at is key to getting diversity to the top of an organization is people have to learn to put their biases aside.Sometimes we think it’s risky to put a woman or an ethnically diverse individual or an LGBT individual in a leadership role, and it’s really not a risk, but somehow we have created that in our biases and our frame of reference. The third thing that is key is that [senior] leadership has to set this as a personal goal that they care about. † Eugene Kelly, Worldwide Director, Global Workplace Initiatives, Colgate-Palmolive Co. : â€Å"It is critical for us to manage our talent well if we are going to continue to be successful.We have 30,000 employees around the world, 8,000 in the United States, and today, 82 percent of our revenues are generated outside the United States. Those statistics alone will tell you why we must get this right and why we must manage our talent. It’s a discipline that enables us at any point in time to identify the next two leaders or successors for any key position. Having a diverse slate of talent to do that is really the key. For us, it’s really important to have discipline and the CEO’s direct commitment. Rohini Anand, Senior Vice President, Global Chief Diversity Officer, Sodexo: â€Å"It’s really an end-to-end process. It’s about doing the diagnostics, understanding where the gaps are. For us, it’s about getting more women and people of color into operational †¦ profit-and-loss kinds of roles, which is the career path to senior-level positions in our company, doing that early on and making sure we provide enough substantive career tracks. In terms of succession †¦ having that accountability and commitment from the top is absolutely critical.It can’t only be a numbers piece. It has to be the behavioral piece. It has to be the commitment along with the metrics and the data so you get a holistic approach. † Conclusion All said and done, onc e those high potential individuals are a part of an organization that places value on diversity-inclusion initiatives, retention rates will increase as employees take pride in those initiatives, viewing their firm as an employer of choice, where appreciation for all people and their differences creates a work environment where all can thrive.The flip side is that, in companies where diversity initiatives are a low priority, employees may leave because they don’t believe they are valued, because they perceive a workplace to be unwelcoming, or because they believe a competitor organization shows precedent in developing careers paths for a more diverse range of executives. Both money and time invested in those employees are lost. Without a succession plan an organization will find it harder to grow. Without a strong diversity inclusion initiative, retention is a whole lot more difficult.Reference: * John PG Tan (2009). An investigation of Corporate Leadership Succession Planning and Implementation: The Malaysian Experience. A PhD thesis submitted to Massey University. * Human Resource Management Journal, Volume 47, Issue 2, Article first published online: 15 MAY 2008 accessed at Wiley online Library. * Diverse Succession Planning for Supervisors, a presentation by Society for Human resource Management (SHRM). * http://www. diversityinc. com/diversity-events/succession-planning-moving-diver

Importance of School Paper

Importance of our School Newspaper Have you ever wondered? What is the importance of a school newspaper. Some may think, it is our way of being updated with what is happening in the school. Some may think it is just a paper for entertainment purposes. And some might think it’s nothing. But the truth is, a school paper is the one that answers our questions, one that keeps us updated, and the one that keeps us interested in our school surroundings. It is made in a logical and comprehensive way, in way such as that the reader can easily understand the newspaper. A school paper is also made through rigorous editing, processing and writing.A school paper gives that answers to the questions that we have in our school. Whatever that question maybe? The question may be about student achievements, school activities, new people such as teachers and staff etc. This shows how our newspaper can be very useful to us, as students. And we are not the only ones being given this information. Th e staff and other people are also informed of our school through our school’s newspaper. This chain of information that is being made makes it possible for the people inside and outside our school be more vigilant and active in our school surroundings.A quote by David Bryne â€Å"People hear about stuff from their friends or a magazine or a newspaper. † . This quote is a statement of how information passes from one person to another. But not all the time this information that is being passed is true. That is why there are some people who say that a newspaper is the disgusting of all media. Because as much as people want to make a really good newspaper. The Bias of the persons making it is sometimes still there. That’s why you can never really tell if an newspaper is fair in its job to give fair and correct news to everyone.The newspaper that we have now also updates us with the most recent and important news. Without it we will be ignorant in judging our surroun dings, and that makes us not good. And because we have this common norm that people who are updated are the people who are what they say â€Å"IN in our society†. That is depends upon you if it’s true. But it is of course much better to be updated in the happenings and the events in our own school. And because we are updated with our school, we become interested in our own school. Interest makes sure that our curiosity is always there.That is why when we receive a copy of the Forum, we become excited. The school newspaper is also made with essays. And those essays have their own structures and functions. For example an essay has three main parts. The introduction, which contains the Hook and the Thesis Statement. The body, which is the very soul of the essay. And the conclusion. Which ends and sums up your ideas for the essay . There are also types of essays. Some of these are descriptive, research, contrast, comparison, literary, persuasive, argumentative and such. Th ese are not all used in an newspaper but still is useful to know some of them.A school newspaper is made by a team that rigorouly edits, processes, and approves the essays that are used for the newspaper. These are all headed by the EIC(Editor in Chief), which gives directives to the editing chief of each section. And then the editing chief of each section gives a writer a certain assignment for them. This is also the hierarchy of how the people who make the newspaper make them. First a writer will pass it to his or her chief. Then the chief checks it for grammar, annotations and such. If he or she finds some corrections he will not accept it and will return it to the writer.After he returns it to the writer, he will check it again and make sure that it is reviewed again and good material already. Then the chief will pass it to his EIC which will also check and review it for grammar and capitalization and such. He makes sure that there is nothing that was overlooked by the section c hief for he is liable for anything that is in that paper. He also compiles all the work done by the writer and reviews all those thoroughly. He or she also has the most highest position in the office. Here now we see how a newspaper is made. Here now we see how hard it is to make.The hard work and the time that was used for the creation of the newspaper was important. Because we know that the newspaper is not just a piece of paper lying around waiting for some to read. It is something that allows us to learn. It is a paper that gives all that we need. The people who made this newspaper made sure that it is made clearly and intently, with it’s own purpose. We see here what are the types and the structure of an essay. Because this information is crucial to the formation of person . Now we learn that a newspaper influence almost everything in our daily lives.For it is our lives, it is the one that contains what are lives are meant for. Here now we learn that it is important to m ake sure that we take care of our newspapers. That we make sure that it is used according to how it must be used. We learned this that it answers our questions, updates us, keeps us interested. We know also that it is made in a logical and comprehensive way. And lastly we know that it is made by people who made sure it is the best newspaper. That’s why we can only say one thing. A newspaper is indeed important in our life

Air Pollution Essay

Air Pollution is another major problem that is yet to be solved. The air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and inert gases. We as humans depend on the air around us to live, without it we would die. Although we rely on this as an essential source for living, it is still littered and polluted with chemicals. Pollution of the atmosphere and the air around us is air pollution, and this is becoming more â€Å"popular† everyday. There are several main types of air pollution that include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and â€Å"holes† in the ozone layer. The types are extremely harmful to the environment and could result in serious damage. There are many causes of air pollution and there are many to blame. The first type of air pollution is smog. The word smog came from a newspaper article almost 50 years ago. The word is slang for smoke and fog, and that is indeed what smog is. Smog is a form of air pollution created by the photochemical reaction with sunlight and the chemicals in the air, and than this deadly mixture is released into the atmosphere. An example of how fatal smog was in 1952 with the incident, â€Å"London’s killer smog.† This incident happened in December of 1952, when a deadly wave of smog hit London killing over 10,000 people. Citizens walked through the streets with surgical masks on, waiting for a wind to raise and blow this terrible wave of pollution away. There wish came true on December 10, after almost a week of terror and many injured and dead people. Smog alone is just as fatal and dangerous as the other forms of air pollution. The other major types of pollution are acid rain, greenhouse effect, and â€Å"holes† in the ozone layer. Acid Rain is any precipitation that has an abnormal acidic amount. Acid rain is formed when chemicals are released from places like cars and factories, these chemicals rise and mingle in the clouds, and than return to earth in the form of precipitation. The Greenhouse effect is another import issue in air pollution. The Greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat and energy due to the gases that form a barrier in the atmosphere. The gases will let heat in but will not let all heat out. This is similar to what happens in a greenhouse. The ozone layer  is also at great risk. In places like Antarctica the ozone layer is disappearing rapidly. Scientists have different theories about that, saying that it is due to chemicals made on earth, the extreme temperature in Antarctica, and some believe it is a solar activity to blame. In any case it is obvious to see that the ozone laye r is in danger. CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS There are numerous causes to air pollution. There are two main causes of air pollution; fuel burning in residential, commercial, and industrial places is one cause. The other cause is automobiles creating immense amounts of carbon monoxide and other toxic fuels. The burning of chemicals releases fumes in the air polluting the atmosphere. Large factories are at blame in this case due to their large amounts of chemicals burned and of their large smoke stack which pumps these fumes into the air. Inside many factories they burn fossil fuels, these fumes than are sent into the atmosphere, further contributing to the air pollution problem Another major cause of air pollution is car fumes. Inside the engines of cars, fossil fuels are being burned, and than these vapors are omitted out through pipes in the car. The major chemical being pumped out of the car is carbon monoxide; this is a very toxic material and can be fatal if enough is in taken. Diesel engines are also very toxic. These engines contain over 450 different chemicals and about 40 of the chemical’s exhaust are considered toxic air contaminants by the State of California. Air Pollution also imposes the biggest threat of all; our health. Our health is the most precious thing to us and air pollution endangers this greatly. The people that are most vulnerable to the air pollution risk are young children, people with breathing problems, and elderly people. Short-term effects to air pollution include irritated eyes, nose, throat and upper respiratory system and other symptoms include headaches and nausea. Some long term effects of air pollution exposure are chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart diseases and damage to important organs such as the brain. Although there are many problems there is also a number of solutions. By completely eliminating the pollution would solve all these problems, so by doing little things we all can make a big difference. Since cars contribute a great deal to the air pollution problem, by using them less would lessen the problem. By not using things like Styrofoam, which are made in a factory that had to burn fossil fuels, you are also helping your community. To eliminate pollution indoors always use clean and clear ventilation machines and filters. Lawmakers should also make more laws on air pollution and pass more bills pertaining to this subject. CONCLUSION There is many to blame when it comes to air pollution. There is the citizens who use cars (that give out carbon monoxide) and use material made in a factory. There are the factory owners, who let their factories run, although they know they’re polluting the air everyday. Than there is the government. Although the government is trying to stop it, they also contribute to the problem by not passing more laws about this situation. Everyone is at blame for the air pollution problem, but if we all work together we can fix our mistake and save the atmosphere. Air Pollution is an extremely serious matter that is not taken seriously. The future of the earth is in our hands and we should treat this with respect. We have the opportunity to change our future, the opportunity to alter the way generations live, we should treat this opportunity with care and kindness. We should be more aware of the things that are happening in the world and what we are doing when the car revs up and puff the smoke. As we drive away in our cars, we are driving our future generations into a tangle of trouble. Soon people will have to wear surgical masks when walking down the street. We cannot let this happen to our society! We must be aware, prevent, and do it. We must be in action at all times trying to save the ozone layer and trying to stop smog from occurring in great masses. Let’s drive away from air pollution and drive into a smog-free life!

Food Network: A Culture and its Food Formed Through Media

Food Network: A Culture and its Food Formed Through Media Since 1993, Food Network has been creating hungry viewers throughout the county, and even other parts of the world. Some countries have their own food network. For example Food Network: Canada and Food Network: Asia. The basic cable and satellite television channel has taken regular episodic programs about food and cooking to a whole new level in the media. It airs specials on various kinds of delicious, rare, and even bizarre ‘eats' that civilization has to offer.The Genre theory allows us to ategorize this type of programing as food television. There is basically no violence associated with the programs aired so the range in audience is boundless. The target audience can be any person, young or older, who enjoys cooking. For people who like eating and even a curious audience who wonders what other cultures eat. With a large range in audience The Food Network could form our culture to what kind of food people eat. This is known as Cultural Norms Theory.The channel even displays compelling competitions were chefs face off against each other in hopes to aspire to ulinary fame, and eliminate rival opponents. The network is an ideal presentation of the reinforcement theory; that reinforces the attitudes, beliefs and values of the media consumer. The audience is drawn to competition, were the winner is awarded and the loser goes home. Especially in American culture where the audience not only loves food, but also the approach of a rival matchup with a prize or a dream come true. The competition events adds to the entertainment substance of the Network.These food competitions also prompts the mystification/demystification theory, where he media has the power turn a normal person into a big star. After Just a few achievements the network will overexpose a skilled chef like Bobby Flay, Racheal Ray, Guy Fieri or Gordon Ramsey into a national figure overnight with multiple shows. As the theory states it can also do the exact opposite toa known figure. Below is a picture of celebrity chef, Paula Deen, in tears on NBC's ‘Today Show, after being publically disgraces for using the N word.Celebrity chef Paula Deen breaks into tears on NBC News' ‘Today show on June 26, alking about the controversy that damaged her $17-million-a-year food empire. – http://www. nydailynews. com. Oprah Winfrey on Paula Deen's N-word scandal The Characters ot the network nave become icons in the world ot culinary a image is recognized, and consumers identify with them so much that they are used in advertisements and promotions. Adding to the characters personal synergism. Guy Fieri won the second season of Food Networks, The Next Food Networks Star. Below is a picture of Guy Fieri in an advertisement for TGI Fridays.In the list of numerous programs the network has created over the years it still exhibits the ‘how to' cooking shows were the consumer can learn recipes, and how to prepare healthy meals. With so many programs introduced in one network, even if food is an element in every program, a mass amount of content seems to also exercise the Uses and Gratifications Theory; that we the consumers all use the media for different reasons and purposes. The function and purpose (information/ persuasion/entertainment) of Food Network could be different for every media consumer.There is information on recipes and ways to cook. There is persuasion on what is healthy to eat as well what kind of food to eat, based on what stars have chosen in contests and advertisements. There is much more entertainment in the new competitions, and reality T. V. based programing. This Analysis of the Food Network channel has taught me a lot about mass communication and the effect a simple genre can have on a mass amount of media consumers. Even if it's Just the simple content of food and no violent or sexual behavior the effectiveness can still be significantly structured.