The Impact Of Pop Culture On The Music Industry - 1720 Words

The 1990’s was a stepping ground for the development of society as it is today. Through television, music, art and technology American social structures experienced huge changes. Gone were the days of the Huxtables where nuclear families displayed perfect, well put together families. 80’s music once filled with electric synthesizers and singers professing their love for their partners evolved into Hip Hop and Grunge music that discussed the grittiness of real life and the human struggle most people actually faced. As the decade passed pop culture continued to influence the youth culture with the help of artists such as Robert Wyland and Banksy who brought in a new enlightenment for the preservation of nature and social commentary of war and social injustices. In addition, with technological advancements and the mainstream use of cell phones, personal computers and the advent of the internet, the teens of the 1990’s began to pave the way towards a more global s ociety. Pop culture in the 1990’s had a strong presence in the development of the music industry as a whole; particularly the grunge and hip hop music industries. Shifting from the usual Pop music that once invaded the list of Top 40’s by artists such as Duran Duran and the Human League, music soon evolved into a darker, more introspective genre called Grunge. This style of music derived from Seattle, Washington in the late 1980’s but was not popularized until the early to mid-1990’s. Grunge music addressedShow MoreRelatedWhy Study Pop Music Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Study Pop Music â€Å"Pop culture used to be all the stuff you had to wait for after school to enjoy. But these days, pop culture is just as likely to be the stuff you study in school† . In 1986 Michael Hannan establish a contemporary Popular Music program at Southern Cross University a trained classical pianist and musicologist he had previously worked in rock bands and for AC/DC’s publisher. Hannan recounts how in 2000 â€Å"at least 8 of the 37 universities in Australia are now offering degreesRead MoreThe Mafia s Influence On Hip Hop1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mafia’s influence on Hip-Hop In Rap, there is a unique culture, history, social impact and influence on society. Hip-Hop/Rap is one of the most popular genre of music. It has helped shape the pop culture into what it is today. What is popular culture? The ideas, activities or products, which are popular among the general mass. In today’s pop culture, one subject that is at the top of the list is hip-hop/rap. Hip-Hop music highlights verses consisting of slang and catchy phrases, which someRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Korean Economic1651 Words   |  7 PagesImpact 7.1 Positive influences on Korean Economic After the success of H.O.T, government promoted a policy relating to spread the K-pop music to other countries. The government has acknowledged that the cultural products can be used as a way to benefit the country’s export sector. According to government estimates, a US$100 increase in the export of cultural products results in a US$412 increase in the export of other consumer goods (Tuk 2012, 12). On the other hand, the Ministry of Culture and TourismRead MoreConsequences of Popular Culture1060 Words   |  5 PagesConsequences of Popular Culture A Consequence can be defined as, Something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition. In this matter we are referring to the consequences of Pop Culture towards violence. Violence in general has one meaning, an act of aggression. We will be examining three types of violence in our culture, Domestic violence, Youth violence, and of course Gun violence. We feel that all three of these types of violence have increased in today s society asRead MoreMichael Jackson Impact On Music770 Words   |  4 PagesKing of Pop. And he was right. One of the best ways to learn was watching the master at work, as Michael Jackson had one of the largest impacts in the entertainment industry. Without the influence of Michael Jackson, the RB and Hip-Hop industry would not have had the artists or music that it has today. He was known as one of the best entertainers of all time, Michael Jackson was the most decorated pop artist. He was a developer in the music industry, thanks to his ground-breaking music, choreographyRead MoreThe Nirvana Rebellion: Impact on Rock n Roll Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesStarting in the local underground music scene, Nirvana experienced breakthrough mainstream commercial success since late 1991, until the suicide of Kurt Cobain in April 1994. During their eight-year career span, Nirvana released three studio albums, including Nevermind, which eventually established Nirvana into their stardom, and will went on to sell 30 million copies worldwide. Other than a considerable sales figure, Nirvana was notable for their innovative music style, as well as their recklessRead MoreThe Active Audience On Pop Culture1245 Words   |  5 Pagescommunication, there are various types of culture. The most widely known of these types is pop culture. Pop Culture in short, is every meme, perspective, image and phenomena that are within the mainstream of a culture which has created an active audience. This active audience has a role in pop culture a s to how it creates and defines music, movies and race in popular culture. In a culture, there will always be an active audience in the music industry. In the article â€Å"Mix it up â€Å", it shows usRead MoreThe Impact Of World Music On Music And Culture1168 Words   |  5 Pagesworld music and globalization. According to Bohlman, world music is music people face ubiquitously, and includes popular, folk and art music practiced by either professionals or amateurs; it may be Western or non-Western, acoustic, electronic, and so on. Bohlman notes that world music can be marketable, profane, or sacred, and that musicians may highlight genuineness while greatly relying on media to propagate it to as many markets as they can. The consumers of world music may accept the music as howeverRead MoreMusic Industry And Its Influence On Modern Society1034 Words   |  5 Pagesabundant variety of music genres, old and new. Music has a versatile role in modern society. Music serves just as many purposes as it possesses in genres. For listeners, music is not simply a n escape or form of entertainment; it is a source of inspiration and self-expression. Sometimes, this can be problematic and lead to false identities and music miscegenation. The music industry has had a powerful influence on what listeners consume. In this process, traditional black music genres have crossedRead MoreThe Impact Of Pakistani Music1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Pakistani Music The face of Hollywood is a young, beautiful, caucasian girl. All my life I have been so deprived of racially diverse media, especially seeing a lack of my own kind, Pakistani. Although I may not be directly exposed to Pakistani culture because I live in America, they do have their own music and entertainment industry. The entertainment industries in Pakistan are enormous, with different types of music, movies and television shows. Despite the vast variety of music genres

Omaha Beach Invasion Free Essays

Early morning hours on June 6, 1944, paratroopers from the British 1st Airborne Division silently dropped and drifted towards the Pegasus Bridge, one of the few bridges that led over the Seine towards Normandy. Moments later, they stormed the bridge with heavy casualties. The Allied invasion of Hitler’s â€Å"Fortress Europe† has just begun (Dube, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Omaha Beach Invasion or any similar topic only for you Order Now On those hours, lantern-equipped pathfinders dropped all over the Cotentin Peninsula. Alone and unaided, they were dropped to mark the way for the thousands of men coming in behind them. At dawn, the sea invasion began as an Allied Armada disgorged thousands of troops at five beaches along France’s Normandy coast. Allied forces stormed the shores and battled the German defenses in a fight that would go down as the â€Å"Longest Day† in history. The beach’s terrain proved to be an important factor in the assault (Lewis 2000). Its crescent form is bounded at either end by rocky cliffs and its tidal area is gently sloping. At the western end the shingle bank rested against a stone, which fades further into wood, resembles a sea wall which ranged from 4 feet to12 feet in height. Precipitous bluffs then raised high up to 170 feet, dominating the whole beach and cut into by small wooded valleys. The Germans, earlier anticipating for an attack in the beachheads, constructed three lines of obstacles in the water. This consisted of Belgian Gates with mines lashed to the uprights, logs driven into the sand pointing seaward and hedgehogs installed 130 yards from the shoreline. The area between the shingle bank and the bluffs was both wired and mined with the latter also scattered on the bluff slopes (Gerrard, Bujeiro and Zaloga, 2003). Their troops were concentrated mostly around the entrances to the draws and protected by minefields and wire (Dube, 2005). Each bunker was interconnected by trenches and tunnels. Machine guns, light artillery pieces and anti-tank guns completed the disposition of artillery targeting the beach. No area of the beach was left uncovered, and the disposition of weapons meant that flanking fire could be brought to bear anywhere along the beach. The Allied forces’ plan of attack includes dividing the Omaha beach into ten sectors. The assault landings were to start at 06:30, which was coined as the â€Å"H-Hour†. Before that, the beach defenses will be bombarded by naval and aerial support forces. The objective was for the beach defenses to be cleared two hours after assault. By the end of the day the forces at Omaha were to have established a bridgehead five miles deep into the enemy territory. To execute this plan the Omaha assault force totaled 34,000 men and 3,300 vehicles with naval support provided by 2 battleships, 3 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 105 other ships (Vat and Eisenhower, 2003). However, during the initial attack, nothing went according to plan (Lewis, 2000). Ten of the landing crafts have gone astray before they reached the beach and some were flooded by the rough seas. Some had even sunk. Smoke and mist hinders the navigation of the assault crafts while a heavy current served to push them to the east. The initial bombardment proved to be ineffective. Their mark fell too far inland, thus they hardly touched the coastal defenses. When the landing craft came closer to the shore, the were under increasingly heavy fire from automatic weapons and artillery With the failure of the initial assault, a second one started coming ashore about two hours later. Their mission was to bring in reinforcements, support weapons and headquarter elements. Some relief against the mostly unsuppressed enemy fire was gained simply because with more troops landing the concentration of fire was spread more about the many targets available (Dube, 2005). The survivors among the initial forces were not however able to give much covering fire and the landing troops still suffered in places the same high casualty rates as those in the first wave. The failure to clear sufficient paths through the beach obstacles added to the difficulties of the second wave now that the tide was beginning to cover those obstacles. The loss of landing craft as they hit these defenses before they reached the shore began to contribute in the rate of attrition. As in the initial landings, navigation is still difficult and the disturbing miss-landings continued to upset the Allied forc es. From the German’s vantage point, at Pointe de la Percee, which is overlooking the entire beach, the assault seemed to have been stopped at the beach. An officer there noted that troops were seeking cover behind obstacles and counted ten tanks burning. However, casualties among their defenders were mounting, chiefly as a result of the allied naval fire. At the same time they were also requesting reinforcement, but their request could not be met because the situation elsewhere in Normandy was becoming more urgent for the defenders (Dube, 2005). As the battle progresses, events of the landing were starting to influence the next phase of the battle. The draws, which would serve as the pathway from the beaches to the inner territory, remained strongly concentrated by the defenders. The allies needed to go through these draws to achieve their main target for the day. Also, the issue of leadership began becoming a problem. Miss-landings and blunders in the original plan caused disorganization, and communication between units was compromised (Lewis, 2000). Despite the apparent disadvantage of the Allied forces’ position, continual waves of landings and naval artillery support eventually weakened the German defense. By early afternoon the strong point guarding the draw at Vierville was silenced by the navy, but without enough force on the ground to mop up the remaining defenders the exit could not be opened (Dube, 2005). Traffic was eventually able to use this route by nightfall, and the surviving tanks of the tank battalion spent the night near Vierville. The advance of the initial assault teams cleared away the last remnants of the force defending the draws. When engineers cut a road up the western side of this draw, it became the main route inland off the beaches. With the congestion on the beaches thus relieved, they were re-opened for the landing of vehicles. After the inland infiltration, clashes pushed the grip out barely a mile and a half deep in the enemy area to the east, and the whole beachhead remained under artillery fire. In the evening, the Allies completed the planned landing of infantry, although but losses in equipment were high, because of bad sea conditions. Of the 2,400 tons of supplies scheduled to be landed on D-Day, only 100 tons was actually landed. Casualties were estimated at 3,000 killed, wounded and missing. The heaviest casualties were taken by the infantry tanks and engineers in the first landings. The Germans suffered 1,200 killed, wounded and missing. On the second day, the engineers constructed the first airfield to be built after D-Day, on the cliff near St. Laurent, and this was used by the Ninth Air Force to support the ground troops as, over the next two days, they accomplished the original D-Day objectives (Lewis, 2000). The complete invasion had not been materialized yet, and the objectives of the D-Day were not achieved. Hundreds of Allied troops are still coming, fighting is ominous, and both sides are unprepared. The D-Day, the â€Å"Longest Day† has ended, but the war on Liberation has just begun. References Adrian R. Lewis 2000, Omaha Beach: A Flawed Victory, December 3, 2000 Alan Dube 2005, A Navy Soldier on Omaha Beach, August 15, 2005 Dan van der Vat and John S. D. Eisenhower 2003, D-Day: The Greatest Invasion – A People’s History, by November 15, 2003 Howard Gerrard, Ramiro Bujeiro, and Steven J. Zaloga 2003, Campaign 100: D-Day 1944 at Omaha Beach, July 23, 2003 How to cite Omaha Beach Invasion, Essay examples

Tyger as evil in William Blakes The Tyger free essay sample

In the poem, Blake paints a picture of a higher power creating the Tyger. In the first stanza the central question of the poem: what immortal being or force could create such a creature is introduced. The immortal hand or eye references sight and creation by God, or some omnipotent being. As well, Blake asks how God could frame thy fearful symmetry suggesting how can such a divine evil be contained? Blake uses the Tyger to create a sense of something big and mysterious and at the same time having some sort of energy and power. This level of complexity requires the divine creative power of an immortal God. The second stanza uses the word he in the third line again hinting the creator is God, or some higher power. In the third stanza, Blake returns to the creator with descriptions of his omnipotence. Writing what shoulder, and what art suggesting strength and skill required to create the Tyger. We will write a custom essay sample on Tyger as evil in William Blakes The Tyger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chase 2 The second and fourth stanzas go on to ask where and how the Tyger (evil) was created. In the second stanza, Blakes use of distant deeps or skies could refer to nother world, possibly hell or heaven as the place the Tyger was created. The image of the Tyger being created in such a place adds another level of mystery for the reader. Additionally, in stanza four, Blake begins to question how the Tyger was formed. The use of the metaphor ofa blacksmith helps the reader visualize creation. Blakes use of the words: hammer, furnace, chain, and anvil are all tools used by the blacksmith. The reader feels the complexity of the blacksmiths Job: the work is hard, dirty, hot, and rough, yet takes skill and strength. Blake ties this metaphor into stanza two where in line two he asks how the creator burnt the fire of thine eyes, where burnt could mean to forge from fire. The fifth stanza most clearly leads the reader to believe that there is a Christian background and basis of Blakes poem. Line three and four most closely relates the word he to God by asking, did he who made the Lamb make thee? Traditionally referring to the Lamb as Jesus Christ, the Son of God, made by God in human form. Jesus Christ was perfect and innocent. The first two lines of the stanza serve as the reaction to his creation: beginning Blakes link to Christian background writing, when the stars threw down their spears, and watered heaven with their tears, referring to the casting down ot the Angels atter Satan rebelled against The reader gets a feeling that there may have been some remorse for creating the Tyger (evil). Blake concludes by questioning the existence of the Tyger, and ties into the divinity of the creator. In the final stanza, Blake repeats the first, but with one word Chase 3 changed: could is replaced by dare. Instead of questioning the ability of the creator, Blake is now questioning his nerve. Additionally, Blake seems to challenge the courage or strength of the creator to contain the Tyger. This line ties into stanza two line four where Blake asks, what the hand dare seize the fire, fist introducing the word dare. Blake is challenging God, asking how dare He create evil (the Tyger). In the final stanza, Blake is re-stating the central question while raising the stakes. In the poem The Tyger, William Blake questions the creation and existence of evil by the use of metaphors, symbols, and relations to the Christian faith. Blake describes the creation of evil as being forged from fire in the depths of hell by the hand of the Almighty Blacksmith. The same hand that created such a divine evil also created the Lamb: soft and innocent, perfect in every way.

Music Literature free essay sample

The multi-movement cycle is when one piece comprises three or four movements For example, the classical era symphony, sonata, string quartet, and concerto all follow this cycle. THe Sonata-allegro form is a structural pattern used by composers first in the 18th century as a means to organize their music. Some people like to compare It to a basic essay format which has In Introduction with a thesis, supporting body paragraphs, and conclusion that restates the thesis, sonata-allegro form organizes music through an initial statement, development of themes and a capitulation of the original material.While the origins are much older, sonata- allegro form grew to prominence as a defining characteristic of the Classical style as used by Haydn and Mozart and then further developed by Beethoven. First movement Is In a quick tempo. It is based on premise that the piece begins in tonic key, departs, then returns and each key area Is associated with a theme. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then the Exposition comes in and It Is the opening section of the sonata-allegro form. It presents two opposing keys and their themes. Theme I is in the tonic. The Bridge is the transitional passage that modulates to contrasting key.Theme II is in a contrasting key. And finally the closing section, which rounds off exposition in a contrasting key. In 18th-century sonata-allegro form, the exposition is repeated. The Development, Is second section of the sonata-allegro form. It Is filled with musical conflict and action, frequent modulations, tensions and thematic development, breaking up of theme Into motives. The Recapitulation is a restatement of the tonic key. Restatement of tonic key is a welcome relief following the tense development. The bridge Theme II, in the tonic, and then the closing section.In most cases, there is also a coda, which is the last section of the sonata-allegro form which closes the entire movement. It is common when people listen to Beethoven pieces that once they hear the Coda, they know It Is about to finally end. The Second Movement Is typically an Andante or Adagio tempo and usually one of these forms: Ternary (A-B-A) form or Theme and variations. A theme is stated, followed by a series of variations. Each variation modifies the theme in a new way. Then there is a change of key with melodic variation harmonic variation, rhythmic variation, and rhythm chances.Meter, texture, dynamics, and timbre can also be changed. Then the Third Movement is played. In the Classical symphony, it is almost always a minuet and trio. The minuet is a Baroque court dance In stately triple meter and ternary form. It has a Clear-cut structure based on phrases of 4 and 8 measures. There are two mall sections (A-B) and returns to the beginning. Each part of the structure is a binary form (A;B). Repetition of a section is marked in the score by repeat signs, and in the 19th century the minuet was replaced by a scherzo. The Scherzo is derived from the Italian for Jest, similar to a minuet.It is still in triple meter and three-part form (scherzo-trio- scherzo). It Is faster in pace and more exciting with rhythmic drive. The fourth Inch is a lively movement with the spirit of the dance. Rondo theme (A) returns as a refrain (similar to retooling). Forms: A-B-A-B-A or A-B-A-C-A or A-B-A-C-A-B-A. . The Enlightenment gave rise to the Classical Era during which musicians worked under what is known as the patronage system. Composers would work as servants to powerful noblemen, or people of higher class, writing and performing pieces for their patron. There are pros and cons to this system.Some pros were financial stability and security; working under a patron gets you work, a full stomach, and a of over your head. However, the cons were isolation and restricted creativity. Musicians lived as servants with their patrons and were limited to composing what their boss wanted, and when they wanted it. This left little exposure to the musical influences outside of the patrons walls. This too has pros and cons in that all work is unique and original, but there is little outside inspiration. Two important characters from the Enlightenment Era who were involved in the patronage system were Joseph II and Mozart.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart worked under Joseph II, son of Maria heres and brother to Marie Antoinette, in Vienna. Mozart composed three operas Nile serving Joseph: Eel nozzle did Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni (Don lean, and Die Subterfuge (The Magic Flute). 3. The great contribution of the classical period to orchestral music is the symphony. A symphony is an extended, composition typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes, using the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra. It usually consists of four movements which evoke a wide range of emotions through contrasts of tempo and mood.A typical sequence in a classical symphony is (l) a usurious, dramatic fast movement; (II) a lyrical slow movement, (Ill)a danceable movement (minuet or scherzo), and (IV)a brilliant or heroic fast movement. In most classical symphonies, each movement is a self-contained composition with its own set of themes. A theme in one movement will only rarely reappear in a later movement. But a symphony is unified partly by the use of the same key in three of its movements. More importantly, the movements balance and complement each other both musically and emotionally.Haydn took hold of the baroque tradition and made it into a more varied and even sophisticated medium, the often predictable homophony works of such people as Cornell and Vivaldi, gaining new elegance and expressiveness in his hands. The term strum undo drank (German for storm and stress) was used to describe the emotionalism and new harmonic flexibility of his symphonies, and the confidence of his enormously popular choral works such as The Creation and The Seasons , inspired by the English choral tradition established by Handel. His series of string quartets also reveal this new depth.His 12 London symphonies were partly written in Vienna and partly in London, which he visited at he invite of the violinist Johann Salomon and where they were first performed to great acclaim. He wrote to please his employers and his growing public but in these, the last of his 104 symphonies, while the s tructure remains the same he challenges his listeners to think there way through his music rather than Just be entertained by It. Wolf Kinfolk says The undervaluation of Haydn that has prevailed since the symphonies, which are comparable in musical significance to those of Beethoven, Burner or Mailer. 4.Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in 1770 in Bonn, Germany as the son of a court musician. His talent for the piano was soon realized and he gave his first public performance at the age of eight. Beethovens father wanted to promote him as the next child prodigy, another Mozart. Beethoven was employed as a court musician in Bonn in 1787. During this time he studied briefly under both Haydn and Mozart, although it was certainly not a satisfying relationship for Beethoven. It turns out that events in Beethovens life greatly affected (or seem to have affected) him writing. Because of this Beethovens musical output is very episodic.As we shall see, there are three main periods in Beethovens life, known imply as the early, middle, and late periods. In 1792, Beethoven relocated to Vienna. This is the beginning of his early period which lasted roughly until 1800. During this time Beethoven quickly made a name for himself as a virtuoso pianist. He used his abilities at the piano to gain favor with the nobility. In fact, he even tried to claim his own noble roots by accidentally changing the Van to Von, a title of nobility. His compositions during this period consisted mainly of works for his main instrument, the piano.An example of a piece composed during this time is the Pathtoque Sonata, Pop. 13 1798. Beethovens hearing was also beginning to deteriorate at this point. However, he went to great lengths to hide this fact from those around him. Beethoven is a transition fugue in the history of western music. He is generally known as the father of the Romantic era. However, during the first period most of his compositions were classical in nature. However, in 1800 Beethoven is reported to have turned to his friend Crumple and said, l am not very well satisfied with the work I have thus far done.From this day on I shall take a new way. And basically, he did. Beethoven abandoned the classical forms of the previous century and set out or a more expressive (Romantic) musical voice. His musical imagination began to grow beyond that of the piano. This period, which later became known as the Heroic Period because of the larger than life nature that his compositions took on, saw the creations of such masterpieces as the Tempest Sonata, Pop. 31 (1801-2), the 3rd Symphony (Errors), Pop. 55 (1803), his only opera, Fidelity, Pop. 72 (1803-5), and the 5th Piano Concerto (Emperor), Pop. 73 (1809).Some say that this middle period was Beethovens greatest. It certainly was his most productive. In about a decade Beethoven produced countless masterpieces in every genre. In 1809, however, his musical output began to drop, possibly in connection to his declining health and mental state. Around 1815 the famous Immortal Beloved affair occurred, which left Beethoven in deep depression and contemplating suicide. Although there has been much debate over the identity of this Immortal Beloved character, it is now assumed that the lucky woman was Josephine, Countess Deem, ne Countess von Brunswick.Ludwig van Beethoven contributed a wealth of innovations to the evolution of music. One such contribution was his expansion of the symphonic coda to become an integral part of the sonata-allegro movements. Beethovens invention of the germ motive, variations of themes throughout a work, so delicate as to be almost invisible, brought a depth not only to his symphonies but to all his work, as seen in his sonata, Pathetic, where the opening bar provides all the subjects used in the first throughout the piece, lending a sense of internal conflict to the music while almo st incidentally providing the first major example of the cyclic form.His individuality, and the manner in which that individuality melded into his compositions, is perhaps is greatest contribution to music. 5. Contrary to what the book says, Salon is originally derived from the Italian word Salons, meaning large hall. Salon music was a popular music genre in Europe during the 19th century. It was usually written for solo piano in the romantic style, and often performed by the composer at events known as Salons. Salon compositions are usually fairly short and often focus on tortuous pianist display or emotional expression of a sentimental character.The Parisian salon was conceived as a gathering of musicians, artists, and intellectuals ho shared similar interests and tastes, and was hosted by a wealthy aristocrat, often a woman. In addition, it was also a place where professional performers and artists could mingle freely with amateurs. In the European salon, the piano became a focal point in gatherings of friends and families in 19th century America. Chopin is one of the great performers who often played at salons. 6. Don Giovanni has long been regarded as Mozart supreme theatrical achievement.The subject seems unpromising the last day in the life of the notorious womanlier Don Juan but the kill of the librettist allied to the genius of Mozart at the very peak of his powers has created a work which is not only highly entertaining but reflects an incredible understanding of the human condition. It is widely regarded, to this day, as one of the greatest pieces of music ever written. The sustained success of this opera demonstrates how the pieces fell together in this instance. Don Giovanni is celebrated as a world-class example of drama socio, as both Mozart and his librettist Lorenz ad Point described it, a category to which Mozart other operas Eel Nozzle did Figaro and Coos fan Tutee also belong. Drama socio, literally playful drama, refers to operas comprised of both comic and tragic elements. In part l, Don Giovanni attempts to seduce Donna Anna whilst his manservant Passionately keeps lonely watch outside. Giovanni is challenged to a duel by Annas father, the Commendatory; the Commendatory is killed and Annas fiance, Ducat Titivation, swears enhance.In his search for new adventures Giovanni encounters his forsaken love Donna Eluvia. Passionately delights in telling Eluvia every detail of his masters many conquests whilst the Don is busy wooing Donna Examine. A party of peasants enters: Maturing and Biggie are about to celebrate their wedding. Giovanni relishes the opportunity of yet another conquest, and sees off an angry Biggie. He skillfully maneuvers his way out of a simultaneous collision with all three women, leaving Maturing and Eluvia to fight it out between themselves.Then in part II, Titivation visits the Commentators mausoleum, followed by the Don and his servant. To Pastoralists terror, the statue visibly and audibly accepts an invitation to supper: Giovanni however is unconvinced. Back at Giovanni house, Eluvia arrives and makes an impassioned but unsuccessful final plea for the Don to mend his ways. As the evening progresses Giovanni and Passionately share the pleasures of good food and Nine, singing the praises of lifes delights, the beauties of Venice, and Venetian Omen in particular.The statue arrives to keep its appointment and drags an unrepentant Giovanni to his death. Titivation and the women enter, aroused by the opera ends with final rejoicing. 7. Schubert music neatly bridges the Classical and Romantic periods through its use of lovely melodies, inventive scoring, and nature Imagery, wedded to the traditional classical forms while at the same time expanding them. In his short life, Schubert composed operas, symphonies, sonatas, masses, Chamber music, piano music, and over 600 songs.But regardless of the genre, his gift for creating beautiful melodies remains almost unsurpassed in music history. Schubert music is also passionate, sometimes even dark, with an emphasis on major/minor key shifts and harmonic writing. Examples of his gift for melody can be found in the popular Piano Quintet in A major , which includes a set of variations on the tune of one of his popular songs, and from which it gets its nickname, The rout. Although left unfinished for unknown reasons, Schubert stirring and dutiful Symphony no. In B minor remains one of his most often heard and best- loved works. But it is his songs, or German Lieder, for which Schubert is best known. Rough his choice of beautiful poetry by some of the best writers of the day, his Inspired melodies, and his sometimes elaborate treatment of the piano part, many of Schubert songs are miniature masterpieces of poetic and dramatic beauty. His two song cycles (groups of poems by a single or various authors selected because of thematic content, and usually published together), yield some of the finest examples of Schubert Lieder. Wooing? From the song cycle, Die such ¶en M;leering (The Fair Maid of the Mill) is an outstanding example of the almost limitless artistry of this composer. Schubert Lieder would come to influence the song-writing of many later composers. 8. The Lied is any of a number of particular types of German song, as they are referred to in English and French writings. The earliest so-called lieder date from the 12th and 13th centuries and are the works of minnesingers poets and singers of courtly love.Many surviving Milliner reflect southern German origins and are written in a group of manuscripts of a somewhat later date. These songs occur in a number of forms based on poetic models. The lied proper, like many other forms, commonly comprises two sections, the first phrase of music (A) repeated with different words, and the second phrase (B), again with different words ABA. This is the Bar form much favored by German composers and often expanded in various ways. Rhea monophonic Milliner are virile, abounding in small leaps.They are attractively contoured and make use of modal scales. Because musical notation of this period is not precise regarding rhythmic values, the rhythmic interpretation of Milliner is controversial. Among important minnesingers are Walter von deer Vegetative, Thankuser, Wolfram von Senescence, and Neither von Ornamental, the first three known today through the operas of Richard Wagner. The 14th century brought a decline of the monophonic lied and the introduction of polyphonic lieder for two or more voices or voice and instruments.Skipping ahead a lot, the 19th century saw German composers again turning to lied production. Late 18th- and early 19th-century Romanticism gave great impetus to serious popular poetry, and many poems of such masters as Goethe were set by lied composers. Franz Schubert, No composed more than 600 lieder, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, and Hugo Noel are among the finest 19th-century lied composers. Although the verse in lieder often was mediocre, for the Romantics, poetry and music were of equal importance. Required a virtuoso technique.The songs were primarily salon music: individual lieder lack the scope of contemporary opera arias, but are more intimate and emotionally refined. Composers often wrote cycles of lieder, all related by a single topic but giving scope for considerable musical development. A lied may be either through-composed or strophic, I. . Repeating the music for each new stanza of the poem. Occasionally lieder are arranged for accompaniment by full orchestra or, in the case of several lied cycles, for chamber ensemble of reduced strings and winds.Not sure why the book calls it Lifelike, because I have never seen it like that. I have always seen it Reeling, so that is what I will refer to it as. The Reeling is about a father and son who are riding home on a horse and the Reeling, who is like a mythical seductive elf. The song has rapid repeated octaves in triplets in the piano, which represent the horses hooves. The Reeling is trying to convince the child to come with him and in fear, the child pleads with his father to protect him. The childs fear is suggested by clashing dissonance and high vocal range.The father, who cannot see or hear the Reeling, reassures his son that everything is alright with a more rounded local line, sung in the lower register. The Reeling tells the child that they can play games and that his daughters can take care of the child. The child becomes more and more terrified and his dad will not take him seriously. The song ends with the father riding into the courtyard with the child dead in his arms. THe song is through- composed in that the music follows the action of the story with a steady rise in tension and pitch that builds almost to the end. . Remoteness, strangeness, and subjectivity is heightened in the Romantic Era and is perhaps its most clarifying difference from the earlier period. In this general sense, Romanticism is not a phenomenon of any one period, but has occurred at various times in various forms. Another important characteristic of romanticism is its aspiration to transcend immediate times or occasions, to reach back into the past and forward into the true. Romanticism cherishes freedom, movement, passion, and endless pursuit of the unattainable.It is this aspect which, perhaps, gives music of the Romantic Era its sense of longing, and heightened emotions. This impatience of limits leads too breaking down of distinctions. The personality of the artists tends to become merged Ninth the work of art; classical clarity is replaced by a certain intentional obscurity, definite statement by suggestion, allusion, or symbol. The arts themselves tend to merge; poetry, for example, aims to acquire the qualities of music, wherein the actual mounds of the works begin to take on special, even musical, significance. USIA of the 19th century is: more concerned with color, whether of chord or instrumentation, than ever before, that highly distant key relationships become the expectation rather than the unusual, that the tonic/dominant axis is weakened by a subdivision direction, that melody becomes exalted into what might be called themes, that counterpoint, in the main, is of less importance, and that the orchestral Instrumentation is expanded greatly to include piccolo, English horn, contrabass, bass and, occasionally, soprano (Be) clarinets, trombone, tuba, harp, ND a steadily growing list of percussion.Forms often take one of two paths, either that of great expansion (symphony) or that of the miniature (Nocturnes). A new form Inch, springing from some literary or poetic inspiration, is, in general, a large single- movement work for orchestra with many contrasting sections of Tempe and texture. Nineteenth Century Romanticism was an international movement which affected all the arts which was born to some extent in the spirit of the great revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Because of the Industrial Revolution, pianos were being with cast iron frames.People were able to afford them, and they were being played at home a lot more. This, intern, brought about all the salons and such. Much of the most widely admired piano repertoire in classical music, for example, that of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, was composed for a type of instrument, the appropriate, that is rather different from modern instruments this music is normally performed on today. Even the music of the Romantic movement, including List, Chopin, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn and Johannes Brahms, was written for pianos substantially different from modern pianos.Starting in Beethovens later rarer, the appropriate evolved into the modern piano as we know it today. Modern pianos were in wide use by the late 19th century. They featured an octave range larger than the earlier appropriate instrument, adding around 30 more keys to the Instrument. The mechanical action structure of the upright piano was invented in London, England in 1826 by Robe Worn, and upright models became the most popular model, also amplifying the sound. Mass production in factories made them more affordable for a larger number of people. They appeared in music halls and pubs during the 19th century, providing entertainment through a piano soloist, or in ambition with a small band. Pianists began accompanying singers or dancers performing on stage, or patrons dancing on a dance floor. During the 19th century, American musicians playing for working-class audiences in small pubs and bars, particularly African American composers, developed new musical genres based on the modern piano.Ragtime music, popularized by composers such as Scott Joplin, reached a broader audience by 1900. 10. Political conditions really influenced the growth of nationalism in Europe during the 19th century to such a degree that it became a decisive force with the Romantic movement. THe pride of conquering nations and the struggle for freedom of surprised ones caused strong emotions that inspired the works of many creative artists. During the nineteenth century the popular view was taken that folk music is always and above all the music of a nation. However, what makes this ambiguous and ill-founded is the fact that when one discusses folk music with references to the people, the expression the people usually refers to the lower strata of the population known universally as peasants, and also to the concept of the nation as a whole. However, nineteenth century sectionalism was a phenomena of the bourgeois, not an expression of the peasants self-awareness. This use of folk music by the bourgeois was more to reassure themselves of the authenticity of their own patriotism as well as an appeal across the social barriers of the time. For the nobility, it was not the national loyalties that counted, but dynastic ones. ) For the bourgeois, national character was the p rimary and essential quality of folk music. .. And that folk music expresses the spirit of a people. style in which to do it. In general, the Romantic composer was slow in discovering ND using folk songs in their music. At first they were used in brief works, such as a peasant dance like a mazurka, but gradually became to be used in symphonic works, although the lush vivid orchestrations tended to mask their simplistic character. Cause folk music is basically monadic, it resisted assimilation into the well- established formulas of major-minor tonality, and for that very reason it challenged composers to experiment with unusual harmonies. This in turn affected harmonies in music unconnected with folk-oriented music, and thus manifested itself into the mainstream of developments. This experimentation was itself a consequence of a specific, well-defined problem that was encountered by Romantic composers of the era, and was not the result of random factors.The work of Pollards most famous composer FRRdrich Chopin (1810-1849) is exemplary in showing how nationalist music takes elements of the vernacular culture to refry the nations people. Historically during Chopping time, Poland was politically under the control of Russia, Prussia and Austria; while Germany, Italy and France dominated European musical high culture. Chopping sense of the Polish nation led him to draw on the music of the rural Poles to rate a distinctly Polish music, based on folk music forms, harmonies and rhythms in a high culture setting and for an elite audience.A famous example of Chopping use of elements of folk culture is in his mazurka, of which he is known to have written at least 69 for solo piano. These are, however, distanced from their original form a folk dance from Pollards Amazonian region played on bagpipe and fiddle. Chopping mazurka were not meant for dancing and are more technically advanced through their use of classical techniques and more advanced harmonic structures; but are based on the same rhythmic structure with a % time signature. Until the 19th century, Russian art music had been dominated by foreign musicians.Peter the Great (1689-1725) had begun this trend by importing foreign musicians to modernize his kingdom. As a result, very few Russian compositions in the western European art music tradition exist before Gillian. Mikhail Gillian was the first Russian composer to give a native voice to common musical styles of the day. After studying music and disgusting Italy and Berlin, Gillian composed an opera about the Russian peasant and hero Ivan Susann. The work was titled A Life for the Tsar, and used several aspects new to Russian music. It used recitative instead of spoken dialogue, and had recurring themes.There were two Russian folk tunes in the opera, and several more tunes that had the characteristics of folk music. Gamesman, a Bohemian, was the first great Czech nationalist composer. He wrote his first nationalist work in 1863, in Czech, as a contest entry to the Provisional Theater. He learned to read and write Czech to enter the competition. This opera, Abortion v techchi (The rangefinders in Bohemia) has a historic plot, but the music does not represent folk song. His second opera, Pardon neversat (The Bartered Bride, 1863-1866), incorporates folk melodies, and was a success beyond Czechoslovakia. Also included in his nationalistic works are the six tone poems M blast (My Fatherland, 1872-1880). Devoidk was the most successful of the Czech nationalist composers. He performed dial in the Provisional Theater under Gamesman, and was mentored by Brahms. Devoidk included Bohemian themes and elements into much of his music. In 1871, he titled Kerrl a ill (The King and the Charcoal Burner). Unfortunately, this opera was not successful. More notable for their national content are his sixteen Slavonic Dances, eight in Pop. 46 (1878) and eight in Pop. (1886), plus the three Slavonic Rhapsodies, Pop. 45 (1880). Devoidk was invited to New York to direct the first national conservatory in America. While abroad, he studied African-American and Native American music. These styles are incorporated into his American works: Symphony No. 9 Pop. 95 From the New World, the String Quartet No. 12, Pop. 96 American, and the American String Quintet, Pop. 97. In Norway, Gripe composed many piano works in a national style. Jean Sublime had strong patriotic feelings for Finland. Composed Finland. 11.Once again, the book is an awful reference for this question. These books are so stuck on producing images of people that really dont exist. I have read plenty of real books on the lives of composers and this one is pretty weak. Chopin was Polish musical composer and pianist born at Zealot-Wool, near Warsaw, on the 22nd of February 1810. His father, of French origin, born at Nancy in 1770, had married a Polish lady, Justine Crosswalks. He also received a good general education at one of the first colleges of Warsaw, where he was supported by Prince Antoine Radial. His musical genius opened to Chopin the best circles of Polish society, at that time unrivaled in Europe for its ease of intercourse, the beauty and grace of its women, and its liberal appreciation of artistic gifts. These early impressions were of lasting influence on Chopping development. While at college he received thorough instruction in the theory of his art from Joseph Lesser, a learned musician and director of the conservatoire at Warsaw. When in 1829 he left his native town for Vienna, where his debut as a pianist took place, he was in all respects a perfectly formed and developed artist.There is in his compositions little of that gradual regress which, for instance, in Beethoven necessitates a classification of his works according to different periods. Chopping individuality and his style were distinctly pronounced in that set of variations on La CIA dared which excited the wondering enthusiast of Robert Schumann. In 1831 he left Vienna with the intention of visiting London ; but on his way to England he reached Paris and settled there for the rest of his life. Here again he soon became the favorite and musical hero of society.His connection with Madame Deviant, better known by her literary pseudonym of George Sand is an important feature of Chopping life. When in 1839 his health began to fail, George Sand went with him to Majorca, and it was mainly owing to her tender care that the composer recovered his health for a time. Chopin declared that the destruction of his relations with Madame Deviant in 1847 broke up his life. The association of these two artists has provoked a whole literature on the nature of their relations, of which the novelists Un Hive Majored was the beginning.He had two Envies and a boyfriend as well. The series of seven Polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Pop. 6 pair, set a new standard for music in the form, and were rooted in Chopping desire to write something to celebrate Polish culture after the country had fallen into Russian control. [87] The Polonaise in A major, Pop. 40, No. 1, the Military, and the Polonaise played works. Chopping music is well known for benefiting from rubout, which was how he himself performed his music, as opposed to a strictly regular playing.Yet there is usually call for caution when the music is performed with wobbly, over- exaggerated, inappropriate rubout. Chopin is referred to as the poet of the Bianca or many reasons, but if there is one series of compositions that really earns Frederic Chopin his laurel wreath as The Poet of The Piano it is undoubtedly his nocturnes. This collection of miniature musical masterpieces must surely be the original Music that soothes the savage breast, for, there can surely be no better way to bring peace to your soul than Just to shut your eyes and listen while the immortal notes wash over you.I defy any one to listen to the Chopin Nocturnes and not be almost dissolved with their beauty. The gold ingotsof pianist ecstasy mentioned o far are not the only glimpses of Heaven left for us by our musical rhymester. There are also The Études (so beautiful) and nobody that has ever listened to The Raindrop Prelude can resist wanting to hear it again and again. 12. Simply put, program music is so-called because it has a program, or story behind it. Absolute music is supposed to be music following a specific form, abstracted from story. A few examples of absolute music are J. S. Bach: Fantasies Chromatics, Art of the Fugue, Preludes and Fugues, Toccatas and Fugues, and Fantasias for organ, The Nell-Tempered Clavier. Ludwig van Beethoven: Allegretto quasi Andante, Allegretto, stateless, Pop. 33 Bagatelles, Pop. 126, Fantasia in G Minor / B Major, Pop. 77. J. Arms: Three piano sonatas pop. L, pop. 2, pop. 5, Scherzo in E-flat minor pop. 4, Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann in F-sharp minor, pop. 9. Honestly, the list goes on and on.For program music, a few pieces that fall into that category would be: Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky depicts an imaginary tour of an art collection. Peer Gent by Depraved Gripe was composed as incidental music to an Ibsen play but is often performed on its own. Nephritis Waltz no. By Franz List. Again, there are plenty more, but these are some good examples to listen to. 13. Richard Wagers prolific musical output was restricted to the composition of operas only.He brought the opera to new and unexplored heights of dramatic grandeur, theater, and spellbinding music. The Flying Dutchmen was Wagers first great success. It tells the story of a ghost ship eternally sailing the high seas, whose captain can only be saved from this fate by the love of a woman. The music is stirring and thrilling, with a theme of mysticism. The taxing and very difficult role of Sent is sung by a dramatic soprano. No artist expressed the ideals of nineteenth-century Romanticism more vividly than Richard Wagner. With his operas,or music dramas, as he preferred to call them, Wagner created epic works relating epic stories derived from old European myths and medieval romances. They tell of great heroes, brave Omen, and dark villains, of miraculous deeds performed in a world where magic and supernatural occurrences are common. Yet Wagner did not merely bring Romanticism to the opera stage. In many respects he lived out its ideals. No quiet artist confined to his study, Wagner participated energetically in the ideas and

Simple Persuasive Essay Samples - How to Write Powerful Essays

Simple Persuasive Essay Samples - How to Write Powerful EssaysIf you are looking for easy and effective essays, you should start searching online for simple persuasive essay samples. There are so many online resources that you can access to learn how to create persuasive essays. The best part is that it doesn't have to cost a lot of money.One thing you need to remember when you are writing a simple persuasive essay is to make sure you understand your audience. You have to create an essay that your audience will find easy to read. Your essay should also be easy to comprehend. Remember, you don't want to read a bunch of unnecessary information and then realize that you don't have the ability to comprehend what you just read.Your subject line is very important. You have to remember to use an attention grabbing headline. You can use words like 'convert'convince' or even 'convince the reader' to sell your material. If you're not careful with the title, you might be wasting time trying to convince them to read your whole essay.You also need to remember that the main purpose of your simple persuasive essay is to provide information and details that your audience needs to understand your arguments. Your topic should be something that is known by your target audience. For example, if you were to write an essay on how to choose the right carpet, you would not want to include information about which type of carpet to buy, how much each type costs, or how long it takes to install.Readers have busy lives. Some people may only have twenty minutes to read your essay, and some people might be too busy to finish reading it all. You need to make sure that your readers will be able to finish the article before they move on to the next one. This is the point in the process where you want to give them your best advice and let them know how you personally feel about the subject matter.There is no reason why you cannot keep the plain facts and only insert details to build your argume nt. As a result, your article will not only be easier to read, but it will also be more convincing. While writing persuasive essays, you need to give readers a reason to listen to you. The more convincing you are, the better chance you have of converting your readers into converts.This does not mean you can get away with using long winded words or sloppy grammar when you are writing a simple persuasive essay. You have to make sure that your essay is error free. You also have to make sure that your essay is as clear and concise as possible. Remember, the more words you use, the more chances you have of a reader skipping over your article.When you are writing a simple persuasive essay, you have to remember that you have to be able to use your unique viewpoint to convert the reader. By doing this, you are building up your credibility in the eyes of your readers.

Papa jack essays

Papa jack essays The Historical Significance of Jack Johnson One of the most prominent black athletes of the first half of the twentieth century was Jack Johnson. Jack Johnson, the first black heavy weight champion, held the heavyweight title for several years before loosing it to Jess Willard in Cuba in 1915. Johnson had a profound effect on race relations and he challenged racial barriers and taboos. His flamboyant personality and his incessant appetite for confrontation and white women ultimately led to his demise. He was fearless and had little respect for the conventions of the day. Through the rise of boxing, being a free black, and race relations are what made Jack Johnson significant in history. Jack Johnsons rise to boxing fame was during the late 19th and early 20th century and at that time boxing was one of the most popular sports in the world due to the increased leisure time of the Americans because of the Industrial Revolution. It was enthusiastically followed by people of all races and social classes and the heavy weight championship was considered by many to be the ultimate athletic prize. It was during this time, while just a teenager, that Jack Johnson began his boxing career in his hometown of Galveston, Texas. Before the turn of the century, he had moved on to broader venues, fighting professionally in the heavy weight class, and in 1903 Johnson had won the Negro heavy weight championship in California. The Negro heavy weight championship was a contrivance by California sportswriters, reflecting the fact that African-American boxers were not permitted to compete against white fighters in championship matches. As a symbol of power and prowess, the social ramifica tions of boxing titles ran incredibly deep. It was well-accepted at the turn of the century that blacks and whites were physically very different. Blacks were deemed cowardly, had weaker stomachs, smaller heads, smaller brains, and less physical endur...

Gas Chromatography - What It Is and How It Works

Gas Chromatography - What It Is and How It Works Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate and analyze samples that can be vaporized without thermal decomposition. Sometimes gas chromatography is known as gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC) or vapor-phase chromatography (VPC). Technically, GPLC is the most correct term, since the separation of components in this type of chromatography relies on differences in behavior between a flowing mobile gas phase and a stationary liquid phase. The instrument that performs gas chromatography is called a gas chromatograph. The resulting graph that shows the data is called a gas chromatogram. Uses of Gas Chromatography GC is used as one test to help identify components of a liquid mixture and determine their relative concentration. It may also be used to separate and purify components of a mixture. Additionally, gas chromatography can be used to determine vapor pressure, heat of solution, and activity coefficients. Industries often use it to monitor processes to test for contamination or ensure a process is going as planned. Chromatography can test blood alcohol, drug purity, food purity, and essential oil quality. GC may be used on either organic or inorganic analytes, but the sample must be volatile. Ideally, the components of a sample should have different boiling points. How Gas Chromatography Works First, a liquid sample is prepared. The sample is mixed with a solvent and is injected into the gas chromatograph. Typically the sample size is small in the microliters range. Although the sample starts out as a liquid, it is vaporized into the gas phase. An inert carrier gas is also flowing through the chromatograph. This gas shouldnt react with any components of the mixture. Common carrier gases include argon, helium, and sometimes hydrogen. The sample and carrier gas are heated and enter a long tube, which is typically coiled to keep the size of the chromatograph manageable. The tube may be open (called tubular or capillary) or filled with a divided inert support material (a packed column). The tube is long to allow for a better separation of components. At the end of the tube is the detector, which records the amount of sample hitting it. In some cases, the sample may be recovered at the end of the column, too. The signals from the detector are used to produce a graph, the chrom atogram, which shows the amount of sample reaching the detector on the y-axis and generally how quickly it reached the detector on the x-axis (depending on what exactly the detector detects). The chromatogram shows a series of peaks. The size of the peaks is directly proportional to the amount of each component, although it cant be used to quantify the number of molecules in a sample. Usually, the first peak is from the inert carrier gas and the next peak is the solvent used to make the sample. Subsequent peaks represent compounds in a mixture. In order to identify the peaks on a gas chromatogram, the graph needs to be compared a chromatogram from a standard (known) mixture, to see where the peaks occur. At this point, you may be wondering why the components of the mixture separate while they are pushed along the tube. The inside of the tube is coated with a thin layer of liquid (the stationary phase). Gas or vapor in the interior of the tube (the vapor phase) moves along more quickly than molecules that interact with the liquid phase. Compounds that interact better with the gas phase tend to have lower boiling points (are volatile) and low molecular weights, while compounds that prefer the stationary phase tend to have higher boiling points or are heavier. Other factors that affect the rate at which a compound progresses down the column (called the elution time) include polarity and the temperature of the column. Because temperature is so important, it is usually controlled within tenths of a degree and is selected based on the boiling point of the mixture. Detectors Used for Gas Chromatography There are many different types of detectors that can be used to produce a chromatogram. In general, they may be categorized as non-selective, which means they respond to all compounds except the carrier gas, selective, which respond to a range of compounds with common properties, and specific, which respond only to a certain compound. Different detectors use particular support gases and have different degrees of sensitivity. Some common types of detectors include: Detector Support Gas Selectivity Detection Level Flame ionization (FID) hydrogen and air most organics 100 pg Thermal conductivity (TCD) reference universal 1 ng Electron capture (ECD) make up nitriles, nitrites, halides, organometallics, peroxides, anhydrides 50 fg Photo-ionization (PID) make up aromatics, aliphatics, esters, aldehydes, ketones, amines, heterocyclics, some organometallics 2 pg When the support gas is called make up gas, it means gas is used to minimize band broadening. For FID, for example, nitrogen gas (N2) is often used. The users manual that accompanies a gas chromatograph outlines the gases that can be used in it and other details. Sources Pavia, Donald L., Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kritz, Randall G. Engel (2006).  Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques (4th Ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp.  797–817.Grob, Robert L.; Barry, Eugene F. (2004).  Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography (4th Ed.). John Wiley Sons.Harris, Daniel C. (1999). 24. Gas Chromatography. Quantitative chemical analysis  (Fifth ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 675–712. ISBN 0-7167-2881-8.Higson, S. (2004). Analytical Chemistry. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-850289-0